Dangers of Adverse Environmental / Thermal Conditions PE 236 Amber Giacomazzi, MS, ATC

1. Dangers of Adverse Environmental / Thermal ConditionsPE 236Amber Giacomazzi, MS, ATC

2. Environmental stress can adversely impact an athlete’s performance and pose serious health threats • Areas of concern • ___________ • ___________ • _____________________

3. Hyperthermia • Athletic trainers require knowledge and information concerning __________, ________ and __________ to adequately make decisions regarding environmental dangers • Has caused a number of deaths over the years • Must manage heat stress appropriately • Hyperthermia = _______________ ________________

4. Heat Stress • Extreme caution should be used when training in the heat (_______________ ________________) • It is _____________ • Athletes who train under these extreme conditions are at risk • Physiologically the body will continue to function if ______________ is ____________ • Body must _______________ to maintain ____________

5. Heat can be dissipated from the body through 4 mechanisms • Conduction (______________) • Convection (_____________________) • Radiation (___________________ _________) • Evaporation (_____________________ _______) • ___________________ is dissipated through evaporation

6. Evaporative Heat Loss • Sweat glands allow water transport to surface • Evaporation of water takes heat with it • When __________ and ___________________ are ______ than _____________, loss of heat through evaporation is key • Air must be relatively _________ for evaporation to occur • relative humidity of __________________ • relative humidity of __________________ • Heat illness can still occur in _____________ if body is ____________________ • Caused by ___________ and ________________

7. Monitoring Heat Index • _____, _______,and ________ must be monitored closely • _______________________(_____) provides objective measure for determining precautions concerning participation in heat • WBGT incorporates different thermometer readings • _______ (standard mercury temperature) • ________ (thermometer with wet gauze that is swung around in air)

8. DBT and WBT can be measured with ___________ (combines both thermometers) • Wet bulb will be lower due to evaporation of water • Ventilation is provided by whirling thermometer (______________) • Newer models utilize digital sensors

10. Heat Illnesses • Heat Syncope (___________) • Associated with __________ and ___________, _____________ for long periods of time • Caused by _____________, or ________ _______ in extremities resulting in _______ and _________ • Treat by placing athlete in ________ __________, ___________ and ______ _______

11. Heat Cramps • Painful muscle spasms (___________) due to _____________ and ________ __________ • Occurs in individuals in good shape who _____________________ • Treatment • Prevent by consuming extra fluids and maintaining electrolyte balance • Treat with __________, ___________ with _____ ___________ • Return to play unlikely due to continued cramping

12. Heat Exhaustion • Result of inadequate fluid replacement • Will exhibit signs of __________, _______, mildly ____________, _________, ______________ and _____ pulse • May develop heat cramps or become faint/dizzy • Core temperature will be ~_____ • Performance may ________ • Immediate treatment includes _____ _______ (intravenous replacement, ultimately), place in _____________

14. Heatstroke • Serious _____________ condition, with unknown specific cause • Characterized by _________- sudden ________, _____, _________, _______ _______, ____________, __________ pulse, and core temperature of > ______ • Temperature must be ______ within ___ minutes • Drastic measures must be taken to cool athlete • Strip clothing • Sponge with cool water • ____________________________________

16. Preventing Heat Illness • _____________ and _____________ • Consume fluids and stay cool • Fluid and Electrolyte Replacement • Single most important step taken by a ______ to minimize the chance of heat illnesses • ____________ re-hydration is critically important • Generally _______ of fluid is ever replaced and should therefore be ___________, ______, and ________________

17. Fluid replacement should _______________ • Most effectively replaced at ____________ (____ minutes) • Time of stomach emptying is critical • Water is ____________________________ • Drink with 6% CHO is eliminated at the same rate if the individual is hydrated • __________ tend to empty ______ and will not induce cramping • Drinks with ________ and ________ will promote ___________ • Hydration levels can be monitored via ______ ______and ______ • Appropriate hydration = clear urine at normal or above-normal output level 60 minutes following exercise

18. Using Sports Drinks • ____________ than just replacing fluids with _________ • Flavoring results in __________________ __________ • Replaces ______ and ____________ • Small amounts of ______ help in ______ of _____ • Different drinks have different nutrient levels • Optimal CHO level is ___ per _ ounces of water • More CHO results in _________________ • Effective for both _______and __________ activities

20. ______________________ • Most effective method of avoiding heat stress • Involves becoming ____________ and ________________ • Early pre-season training and _____ ____________ are recommended with progressive exposure over _______ period • _____ of acclimatization can be achieved during __________ with ___________ and _________ practice sessions

21. Identifying Susceptible Individuals • Athletes with ______________ • ____________________ • Athlete with ________________ • While slight differences exist, precautionary measures apply to both males and females • Athletes consuming ___________ or ___________may have impaired sweating and may predispose them to injury • Uniform Selection • Base on temperature and humidity • Dress for the weather and temperature • Avoid _________________

22. Weight Records • Keep track of ______ and ______ measures for first _____________ • If increase in temperature and humidity occurs during the season, weights should again be recorded • A loss of _____ = _______________ and could be a ____________

23. Hypothermia • Most activity allows for adequate heat production (_____________) and dissipation, allowing for sufficient functioning • Impact on _________ and “________” • Temperature in conjunction with _______ and _________ or ________ can increase chances of hypothermia

24. With muscular fatigue, ___________ begins to drop and ______________ relative to _____________ may shift • Results in impaired ____________ _________and exhaustion • Drop in core temp stimulates ________ but stops after temp drops below ______ • _______ is imminent when temp falls below __________

25. Cold Disorders • Fluid replacement is critical even under colder environmental conditions • Dehydration = decreased blood volume = _____________________________ • May be useful to monitor weight of athletes training in cold temperatures • While less common, injury/illness due to the cold still occur, particularly in endurance type activities, _________ and __________________

26. Prevention • Apparel geared for weather to provide semitropical microclimate for body and prevent chilling • _________ and __________ fabrics that allow passage of _____ and _____, and allow movement • ______ and adjusting them are key to maintaining body temperature (during period of (in)activity) • Inadequate clothing, improper warm-up and chill factor can lead to _____, ______, and/or minor ________________

27. Overexposure to Sun • Precautions must be taken to protect athletes, coaches, athletic trainers and support staff • Long Term Effects on Skin • Premature aging and skin cancer due to ultraviolet exposure • Premature aging is characterized by _______, _______and _______of the skin • __________ is the _________________ ________found in humans

28. Using Sunscreen • Can help prevent damaging effects of UV radiation • Sunscreen effectiveness is expressed as SPF (_________________) • ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________ • The greater the __________, the ________ the SPF that should be used • Should be worn by athletes, coaches, and athletic trainers who are outside a considerable amount, and/or have _____ _________, _______, _______, or _____ ________________

29. Sunscreen use is at its highest ______ - _________ but should be used year round (particularly between the hours of _______) • It should be applied ___________ before exposure and re-applied after exposure to _____, __________, ________________ ______________