Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

1. Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

2. 11/30/11 • Objectives: • To set goals for the winter term • To introduce anatomy and physiology • Do now: • Take 4 handouts and complete winter term reflection and goals (7 min. thinking and writing – silent) • Do later: • Reading response questions sheet

3. Levels of Organization • Atoms • Combine to form molecules • Combine to form macromolecules

4. Levels of organization • Cells • Are made up of organelles • Many cells with a common function make up a tissue

5. Levels of Organization • Groups of tissues compose organs • Groups of related organs form organ systems • Organ systems compose an organism

6. Homeostasis • Regulation of an organism’s internal environment to maintain stable conditions • Can you think of some conditions that are regulated in our bodies? • Temperature • Blood pressure • Blood oxygen & blood sugar • Water content

7. Homeostasis • Let’s apply this idea to an example: temperature regulation • Normal body temperature = 98.6 °F • If temperature drops too low, the body heats itself up by shivering. • If temperature raises too high, the body cools down by sweating.

8. Homeostasis • All homeostatic mechanisms share three components • A set point is the stable value for a characteristic • Receptors sense when the value of a characteristic gets too far above or below the set point • Effectors cause responses to bring the characteristic back to the set point

9. Practice time! With a partner: What do you think are the set point, receptors, and effectors that regulate body temperature? (Take an educated guess if you’re unsure!)

10. 12/1/11 • Objective: To practice homeostatic mechanisms • Do now: Take 3 packets from the front desk • Also take out your reading response questions • Do later: Read and study section 1.6 (pg 8-14) in your packets

11. Negative Feedback Loop • We can draw this process in a negative feedback loop • Why is negative feedback an appropriate name for this process?

12. 12/1/11 • Objectives: To review body cavities, membranes and organ systems • Do now: Discuss with a partner what you recall about organ systems, body cavities and membranes (2 min) • Do later: Review diagrams 2.1-2 and section 1.6. Complete parts A and B on pg. 17-18 of the lab packet • Quiz Thursday! (section 1.6)

13. Body Cavities and Membranes • Body is divided into: • Axial portion (head, neck, trunk) • Appendicular portion (arms, legs)

14. Body Cavities and membranes • What is a body cavity? • A hollow space in the body that contains organs

15. Body Cavities and Membranes • Major body cavities: • Cranial cavity (head) • Vertebral canal (spine)

16. Body Cavities and Membranes • Major body cavities: • Thoracic cavity • Bottom edge is defined by the diaphragm • Mediastinum • Part of thoracic cavity that separates the lungs • Heart, esophagus, trachea

17. Body Cavities and Membranes • Major body cavities • Abdominal cavity • Region below diaphragm and above hips • Stomach, liver, pancreas, small and large intestines • Pelvic cavity • Region enclosed by hips • Bladder, internal reproductive organs, end of large intestine • Abdominopelvic cavity • Both of the above

18. Body Cavities and Membranes • The organs in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities are called viscera • Viscera = “guts” in Latin 

19. Body Cavities and Membranes • Organs and body cavities are lined with self lubricating membranes • Membranes protect organs and reduce friction between organs as they expand and contract

20. Body Cavities and Membranes • Two kinds of membranes • Parietal (outer) membranes are attached to the walls of a body cavity • Visceral (inner) membranes directly enclose an organ

21. Body Cavities and Membranes • Membranes in the thoracic cavity are called pleura (singular pleurum) • Parietal pleura are attached to body wall • Visceral pleura are attached to organs • Space between visceral/parietal = pleural cavity

22. Body Cavities and Membranes • The heart is surrounded by a membrane called the pericardium • Visceral/parietal pericardium • Pericardial cavity

23. Body Cavities and Membranes • Membranes in the abdominopelvic cavity are called peritoneal membranes • Visceral/parietal • Peritoneal cavity

24. Organ systems • Organ systems = collections of organs that work together to achieve a common function. • Your book outlines 11 • These will be our main topics of study in this term

25. Muscular system • The muscular system is composed of your muscles (obvi…) • Muscles expand and contract to enable motion. They also generate body heat.

26. Nervous System • Central nervous system = brain and spinal cord • Peripheral nervous system = nerves and sense organs • Receive, interpret, and enable responses to environmental stimuli

27. Endocrine system • Composed of all glands that secrete hormones • Hormones are all chemicals that send signals to distant parts of the body • Helps to regulate the body by sending chemical messages via hormones.

28. Cardiovascular system • Composed of heart, arteries, veins and capillaries • Pumps blood throughout the body to transport oxygen and other nutrients

29. Lymphatic system • Composed of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen • Cells in this system fight off disease (this is part of the immune system)

30. Digestive system • Composed of mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines • Receives, breaks down, and absorbs food to go into the blood

31. Respiratory system • Composed of mouth, nose, trachea, bronchi, lungs • Facilitates gas exchange (oxygen in, CO2 out)

32. Urinary system • Composed of kidneys, ureter, bladder, urethra • Filters waste and water out of the blood and channels them out of the body as urine

33. Reproductive system • Composed of sex organs (ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, testes, penis, etc.) • Produce sex cells (sperm, eggs) and support growing offspring