What is a phrase? How do phrases function in sentences?

1. 7th grade Language ReviewTake Notes in your “End of the year” Review JournalYou will have a test at the end of our review. (You will be able to use your notes!!!!!!)

2. . L 7.1 Explain the function of phrases and clauses in general and their function in specific sentences. • What is a phrase? How do phrases function in sentences? • A phrase is a group of related words that does not include a subject and verb

3. L 7.1 Explain the function of phrases and clauses in general and their function in specific sentences. • A noun phrase comprises a noun (obviously) and any associated modifiers: • The long and winding road • A noun phrase • any associated modifiers • Several accidents have been reported involving passengers falling from trains . • The story is told that he was once a soldier in French Foreign Legion .

4. L 7.1 Explain the function of phrases and clauses in general and their function in specific sentences. • A prepositional phrase consists of a preposition, a noun or pronoun that serves as the object of the preposition, and, more often than not, an adjective or two that modifies the object. • Prepositional phrases usually tell when or where: "in forty minutes," "in the sun, against the side, etc." Prepositional phrases can perform other functions, however: Except Jo, the children were remarkably like their father.

5. L 7.1 Explain the function of phrases and clauses in general and their function in specific sentences. • An appositive is a re-naming or amplification of a word that immediately precedes it. (An appositive, then is the opposite of an oppositive.) Frequently another kind of phrase will serve in apposition. • My favorite teacher, a fine chess player in her own right, has won several state-level tournaments. [Noun phrase as appositive] • The best exercise, walking briskly, is also the least expensive. [Gerund phrase as appositive] • Tashonda's goal in life, to become an occupational therapist, is within her grasp this year, at last. [Infinitive phrase as appositive]

6. L 7.1 Explain the function of phrases and clauses in general and their function in specific sentences. • An infinitive phrase consists of an infinitive — the root of the verb preceded by to — and any modifiers or complements associated with it. • Infinitive phrases can act as adjectives, adverbs, and nouns. • Her plan to subsidize child care won wide acceptance among urban politicians. [modifies plan, functions as an adjective] • She wanted to raise taxes. [noun-object of the sentence] • To watch Uncle Billy tell this story is an eye-opening experience. [noun-subject of the sentence]

7. L 7.1 Explain the function of phrases and clauses in general and their function in specific sentences Gerunds, verbals that end in -ing and that act as nouns, frequently are associated with modifiers and complements in a gerund phrase. These phrases function as units and can do anything that a noun can do. Notice that other phrases, especially prepositional phrases, are frequently part of the gerund phrase. • Cramming for tests is not a good study strategy. [gerund phrase as subject] • John enjoyed swimming in the lake after dark. [gerund phrase as object] • I'm really not interested in studying biochemistry for the rest of my life. [gerund phrase as object of the preposition in ]

8. L 7.1 Explain the function of phrases and clauses in general and their function in specific sentences Clauses A clause is a group of related words containing a subject and a verb A clause can be usefully distinguished from a phrase, which is a group of related words that does not contain a subject-verb relationship, such as "in the morning" or "running down the street" or "having grown used to this harassment

9. L 7.1 Explain the function of phrases and clauses in general and their function in specific sentences Independent Clauses • Independent Clauses could stand by themselves as discrete sentences, except that when they do stand by themselves, separated from other clauses, they're normally referred to simply as sentences, not clauses. • The ability to recognize a clause and to know when a clause is capable of acting as an independent unit is essential to correct writing and is especially helpful in avoiding sentence fragments and run-on sentences.. • Bob didn't mean to do it, but he did it anyway.

10. L 7.1 Explain the function of phrases and clauses in general and their function in specific sentences Dependent Clauses • Dependent Clauses cannot stand by themselves and make good sense. They must be combined with an independent clause so that they become part of a sentence that can stand by itself.

11. L.7.2. Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing.Parts of Speech • Three little words you often seeAre ARTICLES: a, an, and the.

12. L.7.2. Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing. • A NOUN's the name of anything,As: school or garden, toy, or swing.

13. L.7.2. Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing. • ADJECTIVEStell the kind of noun,As: great, small, pretty, white, or brown.

14. L.7.2. Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing. • VERBS tell of something being done: To read, write, count, sing, jump, or run.

15. L.7.2. Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing. • How things are done the ADVERBS tell, As: slowly, quickly, badly, well.

16. L.7.2. Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing. • CONJUNCTIONS join the words together,As: men and women, wind or weather.

17. L.7.2. Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing. • The PREPOSITION stands beforeA noun as: in or through a door.

18. L.7.2. Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing. • The INTERJECTION shows surpriseAs: Oh, how pretty! Ah! how wise!

19. L.7.2. Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing. • The whole are called the PARTS of SPEECH,Which reading, writing, speaking teach.

20. L 7.1 Choose among simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex sentences to signal differing relationships among ideas. • A sentence is a group of words containing a subject and predicate. Sometimes, the subject is "understood," as in a command: "[You] go next door and get a cup of sugar."

21. L 7.1 Choose among simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex sentences to signal differing relationships among ideas. Simple sentence • Simple sentence (one independent clause): • We drove from Connecticut to Tennessee in one day.

22. L 7.1 Choose among simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex sentences to signal differing relationships among ideas. Compound sentence • Compound sentence (more than one independent clause): • We were exhausted, but we arrived in time for my father's birthday party.

23. L 7.1 Choose among simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex sentences to signal differing relationships among ideas. Complex sentence • Complex sentence (one independent clause and at least one dependent clause): • Although he is now 79 years old, he still claims to be 65.

24. Compound-complexsentence ( L 7.1 Choose among simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex sentences to signal differing relationships among ideas. • Compound-complexsentence (more than one independent clause and at least one dependent clause): • After it was all over, my dad claimed he knew we were planning something, but we think he was really surprised.

25. L.7.2. Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing. • USING COMMAS • Use a comma to separate the elements in a series (three or more things), including the last two. "He hit the ball, dropped the bat, and ran to first base."

26. L.7.2. Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing. • Use a comma + a little conjunction (and, but, for, nor, yet, or, so) to connect two independent clauses, as • in "He hit the ball well, but he ran toward third base."

27. L.7.2. Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing. • Use a comma to set off introductory elements, as in "Running toward third base, he suddenly realized how stupid he looked."

28. L.7.2. Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing. • Use a comma to set off parenthetical elements. • "The Founders Bridge, which spans the Connecticut River, is falling down." • By "parenthetical element," we mean a part of a sentence that can be removed without changing the essential meaning of that sentence.

29. L.7.2. Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing. • Appositives are almost always treated as parenthetical elements. • Calhoun's ambition, to become a goalie in professional soccer, is within his reach. • Eleanor, his wife of thirty years, suddenly decided to open her own business.

30. L.7.2. Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing. • An absolute phrase is always treated as a parenthetical element, as is an interjection. • An addressed person's name is also always parenthetical. Be sure, however, that the name is that of someone actually being spoken to. • Their years of training now forgotten, the soldiers broke ranks. • Yes, it is always a matter, of course, of preparation and attitude. • I'm telling you, Juanita, I couldn't be more surprised. (I told Juanita I couldn't be more surprised. [no commas])

31. L.7.2. Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing. • You could think of this as "That tall, distinguished, good looking • fellow" rule (as opposed to "the little old lady"). If you can put an and or a but between the adjectives, a comma • will probably belong there. For instance, you could say, Use a comma to separate coordinate adjectives.

32. L.7.2. Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing. Use a comma to separate coordinate adjectives. • He is a tall and distinguished fellow" • "I live in a very old and run-down house." • "He is a tall, distinguished man" and "I live in a very old, run-down house."

33. L.7.2. Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing. • Use a comma to set off quoted elements. • Because we don't use quoted material all the time, even when writing, this is probably the most difficult rule to remember in comma usage. • "The question is," said Alice, "whether you can make words mean so many things.“ • "I should like to buy an egg, please," she said timidly. "How do you sell them?"

34. L.7.2. Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing. • Use commas to set off phrases that express contrast. • Some say the world will end in ice, not fire. • The puppies were cute, but very messy.

35. L.7.2. Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing. Use a comma to avoid confusion. This is often a matter of consistently applying rule #3. For most the year is already finished. For most, the year is already finished. Outside the lawn was cluttered with hundreds of broken branches. Outside, the lawn was cluttered with hundreds of broken branches.

36. L.7.2. Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing. Grammar English's Famous Rule of Punctuation: Never use only one comma between a subject and its verb • "Believing completely and positively in oneself is essential for success." [Although readers might pause after the word "oneself," there is no reason to put a comma there.]

37. L.7.2. Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing. Typographical Reasons: • Between a city and a state [Hartford, Connecticut], • a date and the year [June 15, 1997], • a name and a title when the title comes after the name • [Bob Downey, Professor of English], in long numbers [5,456,783 and $14,682], etc.

38. L.7.2. Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing. • July 4, 1776, is regarded as the birth date of American liberty. • July 1776 was one of the most eventful months in our history.

39. L.7.2. Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing.Use Commas with Caution • As you can see, there are many reasons for using commas, and we haven't listed them all. Yet the biggest problem that most students have with commas is their overuse. • Remember, too, that a pause in reading is not always a reliable reason to use a comma. Try not to use a comma unless you can apply a specific rule from this page to do so.

40. L 7.1 Place phrases and clauses within a sentence, recognizing and correcting misplaced and dangling modifiers.* • MISPLACED MODIFIER: • Some modifiers, especially simple modifiers — only, just, nearly, barely — have a bad habit of slipping into the wrong place in a sentence. (In the sentence below, what does it mean to "barely kick" something?)

41. L 7.1 Place phrases and clauses within a sentence, recognizing and correcting misplaced and dangling modifiers.* MISPLACED MODIFIER: • Confusion • He barely kicked that ball twenty yards. • Repair Work • He kicked that ball barely twenty yards.

42. L 7.1 Place phrases and clauses within a sentence, recognizing and correcting misplaced and dangling modifiers.* DANGLING MODIFIER: • DANGLING MODIFIER: When we begin a sentence with a modifying word, phrase, or clause, we must make sure the next thing that comes along can, in fact, be modified by that modifier. When a modifier improperly modifies something, it is called a "dangling modifier."

43. L 7.1 Place phrases and clauses within a sentence, recognizing and correcting misplaced and dangling modifiers.* • Confusion • Changing the oil every 3,000 miles, the car seemed to run better. • Repair Work • Changing the oil every 3,000 miles, Fred found he could get much better gas mileage.

44. L 7.1 Place phrases and clauses within a sentence, recognizing and correcting misplaced and dangling modifiers.* • 1. Which of the following sentences contains a dangling modifier?A. To raise a good dog, patience is useful. B. Moving slowly, Bowie stalked the rabbits. C. After eating the catfood, Bowie belched. D. all of the above

45. L 7.1 Place phrases and clauses within a sentence, recognizing and correcting misplaced and dangling modifiers.* Which of the following sentences contains a dangling participial phrase?A. Pedrito got into serious trouble missing the grammar quiz last Monday. B. To complete the grammar quiz on time, you will have to click your heels three times. C. When taking a grammar quiz, concentration is everything. D. all of the above

46. L 7.1 Place phrases and clauses within a sentence, recognizing and correcting misplaced and dangling modifiers.* • Which of the following sentences contains a dangling gerund phrase? A. On completing the grammar quiz, spiking your pencil is acceptable. B. Wearing a helmet is a sign of a healthy awareness of death. C. When she talks to her parents, she is reminded that she is lucky that they are happy and healthy. D. all of the above

47. L 7.1 Place phrases and clauses within a sentence, recognizing and correcting misplaced and danglingMISPLACED MODIFIER: Which of the following sentences contains a dangling modifier?A. After washing my car, I waxed it. B. After talking with our veterinarian, I felt better about the prognosis. C. She called her boyfriend because she missed him. D. none of the above

48. L 7.3 Choose language that expresses ideas precisely and concisely, recognizing and eliminating wordiness and redundancy.* Redundancy and wordiness when writing sentences Avoid saying the same thing twice. • Many uneducated citizens who have never attended school continue to vote for better schools

49. L 7.1 Place phrases and clauses within a sentence, recognizing and correcting misplaced and dangling • All things considered, Connecticut's woodlands are in better shape now than ever before.All things considered, Connecticut's woodlands are in better shape now than ever before.

50. L 7.3 Choose language that expresses ideas precisely and concisely, recognizing and eliminating wordiness and redundancy.* • Redundant expressions • In writing, redundancy means conveying the same meaning twice. Like other kinds of wordiness, redundancy makes writing seem cluttered. Sometimes people use redundant expressions because they don't know the precise definition of a word.