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CRM: The 1960s

CRM: The 1960s. I. Sit-in Movement. A. Started in Greensboro, N.C. (SNCC) 1. 4 students at Woolworth’s lunch counter 2. Refused service, wouldn’t leave 3. Movement grew across country 4. non-violent, even when attacked. II. Freedom Riders (May ’61).

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CRM: The 1960s

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  1. CRM: The 1960s

  2. I. Sit-in Movement • A. Started in Greensboro, N.C. (SNCC) • 1. 4 students at Woolworth’s lunch counter • 2. Refused service, wouldn’t leave • 3. Movement grew across country • 4. non-violent, even when attacked

  3. II. Freedom Riders (May ’61) • A. Protest interstate bus segregation • B. Birmingham, Ala. • 1. Mob beats Freedom Riders • 2. No police at bus station • 3. Bull Connor: I gave cops day off for • Mother’s Day. • a. Really asked KKK to • beat them

  4. Challenging Segregation 1960-1966

  5. III. JFK and Civil Rights • A. Black vote crucial to his election • 1. Backed off • a. Needed Southern Senators support • 2. 40 AAs to high-ranking gov’t jobs • 3. CEEO: no discrimination in hiring or • promoting people for Fed jobs.

  6. B. James Meredith • 1. Transferred to U. of Mississippi (integrated) • 4. Fed bodyguards

  7. D. Violence in Birmingham (spring ’63) • 1. “Letter From a Birmingham Jail” • 2. Bull Connor ordered police beatings • a. televised • 3. JFK orders prepping of new Civil Rights bill

  8. IV. Announcing CRA of 1964 • A. George Wallace: Alabama governor • 1. blocked admissions office at ‘Bama • B. Medgar Evers: activist murdered next day • C. Kennedy announces CRA • D. March on Washington (Aug. 28, 1963) • 1. 200,000 demonstrators • 2. “I have a dream” Evers

  9. E. Civil Rights Bill becomes law • 1. Filibuster • 2. LBJ supported • 3. Outlawed discrimination • 4. EEOC

  10. V. Struggle for Voting Rights • A. Selma march • 1. Black majority/only 3% registered • 2. “March for Freedom” • a. Selma to Montgomery • 3. police beat praying demonstrators

  11. B. Voting Rights Act of 1965 • 1. Federal officials register votes • 2. No literacy tests

  12. New Issues 1965-1969 Be peaceful, be courteous, obey the law, respect everyone; but if someone puts his hand on you, send him to the cemetery. -- Malcolm X

  13. Achievements by ’65 in civil rights • Segregation now ruled illegal in most areas of public life. • Voting rights for AA’s strengthened. No more poll taxes, literacy tests, etc.

  14. I. Challenges Remain • A. Racism alive and well • 1. Housing/job problems • 2. ½ all blacks in poverty • 3. Inner cities: crime/juv deliquency rise

  15. II. Black Power Movement • A. AAs should control social, political & • economic direction of the struggle • 1. Pride in being black; reject white society • 2. racial distinctiveness • 3. Very popular in inner-city • a. MLK/whites not helping • 4. Violence in self-defense • 5. MLK did not approve

  16. B. Malcolm X and Nation of Islam • 1. Anti-white • 2. “X” stood for slave family • 3. Black Muslims not “true” Muslims. • a. preached black nationalism • 4. Separate from white society • 5. black community self-sufficient • 6. 1964: Malcolm leaves Nation of Islam • a. Feb. ’65: killed by Black Muslims

  17. C. Black Panthers • 1. Militant organization formed in Oakland, Calif. • 2. Revolution is necessary • 3. Arm blacks and force whites to give rights • 4. “Ten-Point Program” • a. black empowerment, end racial oppression, • control services in black community.

  18. III. MLK Assassination • A. Memphis, Tennessee, April 1968 • 1. King there to support sanitation strike • 2. Launching campaign to get billions of • gov’t dollars to help end poverty • 3. Shot on his hotel balcony • a. James Earl Ray • 4. Death left movement with lack • of unity and vision.

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