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STC: Rocks and Minerals

STC: Rocks and Minerals. Lesson 10: Exploring the Hardness of Minerals. Enduring Understandings: Each mineral is composed of only one substance, and that substance is the same in all samples of the mineral.

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STC: Rocks and Minerals

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  1. STC: Rocks and Minerals Lesson 10: Exploring the Hardness of Minerals • Enduring Understandings: • Each mineral is composed of only one substance, and that substance is the same in all samples of the mineral. • Minerals differ in color, texture, smell, luster, transparency, hardness, shape, and reaction to magnets. • The properties of rocks and minerals determine how they are used.

  2. Think and Wonder What do the words “hard” and “soft” mean to you? What would a soft mineral be like? What would a hard mineral be like? How would you decide the difference between them? o

  3. Think about a hard object. • How does it look and feel? • Which of your minerals do you think could be called hard? • Which minerals could be called soft? o Soft

  4. Hardness Which of your minerals do you think could be called hard? Which minerals could be called soft? o Hardness

  5. Which is harder? or a nail? o A penny

  6. Performing the Hardness Test • Scratch your sample of mineral A with the copper penny. • NOTE: Scratch GENTLY. You may damage some of them if you scratch them too hard. 2. If the penny left a scratch on the mineral, place it in the space labeled “Soft” on your Minerals---Soft, Medium, or Hard sheet. If the penny did not scratch the minerals, put is back in the carton. o

  7. Performing the Hardness Test, cont. 3. Test the remaining 11 minerals with the penny. Place them in the appropriate space on the sheet or back in the carton. 4. Now focus on the minerals you have placed in the carton. Use the nail to scratch each of them. o

  8. Performing the Hardness Test, cont. 5. If the nail scratches a mineral, put it in the space on the sheet that is labeled “Medium”. If the nail does not scratch the mineral, place it in the space labeled “Hard”. 6. Record your results for each mineral in the space labeled “Hardness” on the mineral profile sheets. o

  9. Demonstration: How to use a copper penny to scratch a mineral sample. Note: soft minerals can easily be destroyed by scratching, so please scratch gently. Be careful not to scratch yourself or the furniture when using the nail! o

  10. Three terms: • Soft: Can be scratched by a penny • Medium: Cannot be scratched by a penny but can be scratched by a nail. • Hard: Cannot be scratched by a penny or a nail o

  11. Materials Manager: • Rocks and Minerals Student Activity Book to Minerals—Soft, Medium, or Hard (page 37) • Two hand lenses • One cardboard tray • One set of 12 minerals in an egg carton • One copper penny • One steel nail • One pair of disposable gloves • Two copies: Minerals—Soft, Medium, or Hard o

  12. In your Laboratory Record Book: Minerals---Soft, Medium, or Hard Soft Medium Hard Link to LRB

  13. Did each group sort their minerals in the same way? Why do you think differences may have occurred? • Differences among the samples • Different scratching techniques • Mistakes in recording o

  14. In your Laboratory Record Book: Think about the differences in hardness among the minerals. Do the soft minerals share any other property? They should all show a distinct streak. Do all hard minerals share any other property? They should all show no streak. o Link to LRB

  15. Diamonds Diamonds are the hardest of all minerals. They were formed long ago in igneous rocks. Today, we mine diamonds in places near extinct volcanoes. But diamonds are also found near old river beds. How do you suppose the diamonds got there? Believe it or not, diamonds have even been found in meteorites from out space! o

  16. Diamonds, cont. You probably know that diamonds are used in jewelry. But did you know they are also used in industry? In fact, out of every five diamonds found, only one is used to make jewelry. The others are used for industrial purposes. For example, diamonds are used to cut, drill and polish other materials. Powerful drills with diamond tips are used for drilling oil wells. Wire containing diamond bits is used to cut blocks of stone from mining quarries. Diamond powder is used for polishing hard materials such as glass. Surgeons use small knives with diamond blades for delicate eye operations. These special surgical knives are called scalpels. o

  17. Is diamond in your set of minerals? No! Why? o

  18. Talc Talc is the softest of all minerals. It has a greasy luster and a slippery feel. It looks like soft chalk. You may be able to guess one use for talc: to make baby powder. Talc is also used to make ceramics and pottery. Because talc resists acid, it is used to make sinks and counter tops for chemical laboratories. Talc is a major ingredient in a soft rock called soapstone which is also used to make tabletops. Can you tell by feeling which of your minerals is talc? o

  19. In your Laboratory Record Book: Which minerals can you now identify by sight? Why? o Link to LRB

  20. Materials Manager: Please return all materials to the distribution center. o

  21. In your Laboratory Record Book: Update Your Table of Contents o Link to LRB

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