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GREEN PORTS

GREEN PORTS. James A. Fawcett, Ph.D. Sea Grant Program and School of Policy, Planning and Development University of Southern California Los Angeles, California. Why Green Ports?. Rationale for Green Ports: Combating worldwide climate change Promoting environmental sustainability

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GREEN PORTS

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  1. GREEN PORTS James A. Fawcett, Ph.D. Sea Grant Program and School of Policy, Planning and Development University of Southern California Los Angeles, California

  2. Why Green Ports? • Rationale for Green Ports: • Combating worldwide climate change • Promoting environmental sustainability • Enhancing public (“stakeholder”) involvement • Reducing the impact of the port and its users on the environment

  3. Economics of Green Ports • Market and Non-Market Principles: • Ports Have an Civic Responsibility to: • Internalize environmental externalities • Communicate with those affected by port operations • Incorporate interests of near-port citizens • Seek a favorable balance between jobs and environmental stewardship • Ports have a National Responsibility to: • Continue to move cargo to benefit the regional and national economies • Be competitive while contributing to global environmental remediation

  4. Why the port? • Ships may be registered in many countries, some without high environmental standards • But, all ships must use seaports • Seaports can encourage/enforce compliance with safe environmental practices (Port State Control) • Residents surrounding ports suffer if ports do not enforce safe environmental practices

  5. Definitions • A “Green Port” • Reduces port impacts on the environment • Supports and develops environmentally sustainable practices • Promotes sustainable practices by port tenants • Promotes environmental sustainability throughout the supply chain • Monitors and improves sustainable practices over time • Involves the public in creating sound environmental practices

  6. Goals • Technical Goals • Reducing water pollution • Improving air quality • Utilizing up to date waste management policies • Reducing traffic congestion in approaches to the port • Reducing noise pollution

  7. Goals • Management Goals (Port) • Encourage environmental management plans by terminal operators • Develop an effective environmental management plan the for entire port • Coordinate environmental management plans with adjacent governments (cities, counties, provinces) outside the port • Management Goals (Terminal Operators) • Coordinate environmental management with port • Use model environmental management system in ISO 14000

  8. MARITIME WATER POLLUTION

  9. Water Quality • Bilge discharges • Invasive species • Oily waste • Invasive species discharges • Overboard oil & noxious liquid substance discharge • Prohibited by MARPOL 73/78, Annexes I & II • No discharge permitted within 12-50 nm of land • Bunkering issues • Oil spills in port • Discharge of ballast when bunkering

  10. Water Quality • Rotterdam Convention prohibits/restricts use of certain anti-fouling hull coatings • Tributyltin compounds • Republic of Korea is a signatory to the Convention • Shipyard contamination issues • Hull stripping and recoating • Hull cleaning (release of aquatic nuisance species) • Containment of all removed anti-fouling coating

  11. MARPOL 73/78 • MARPOL establishes an international standard for management of seaborne pollution--some of which applies to ports • Annexes • I: Oil • II: Noxious Liquid Substances Carried in Bulk • III: Harmful Substances Carried in Packaged Form • IV: Sewage: reception facilities required in port • V: Garbage: reception facilities required in port • VI: Air Pollution

  12. MARPOL 73/78 • Port State Control • Applies to Annexes I, II, III and V • Implemented by IMO Resolution A.742 (18), in force 03 March 1996 • Extends Port State Control to all vessels regardless of flag

  13. ISO 14000 & 14001 ENVIRONMENTAL PRACTICES

  14. A Common Standard for Environmental Management • International Standards Organization (ISO) • ISO 14000 Guide to Environmental Management Principles, Systems and Supporting Techniques • ISO 14001 Environmental Management Systems - Specification with Guidance for Use

  15. Applications • Usually implemented by individual terminal operators • Difficult to implement for an entire port • Designed for wide use: not merely ports • Includes policies and auditing of goal achievement • It describes an ongoing process • Not a one-time event • Available at: http://www.quality.co.uk/iso14000.htm#intro

  16. MARITIME AIR POLLUTION

  17. Maritime Air Quality • Primary air contaminants • DPM (diesel particulate matter) • Especially DPM ≤2.5 microns • Diesel soot • Can cause or exacerbate pulmonary distress/disease, especially among children • NOx (oxides of nitrogen) • Component of smog • SO2 (sulfur dioxide) • Component of smog • Aggravates pulmonary distress

  18. Maritime Air Quality • Causes of poor air quality • Load centering: concentration of vessels at a few large seaports • Operation of auxiliary engines in port: hotelling • Diesel engines in general • Fuel choices (residual fuel oils vs. distillate fuels) • Lack of a workable regulatory regime for internationally flagged ships • MARPOL Annex VI: a permissive standard • Unique meteorological conditions at various ports

  19. Why is Fuel the Problem? • Diesel engines using residual fuel • Usually operating with Intermediate Fuel Oil (IFO) • Can contain up to 45,000 PPM sulfur • Regulated by the IMO through MARPOL Annex VI • Comparison: • Heavy duty truck/bus standard in U.S. (post-2006): 15 PPM (0.15%) residual sulfur • IMO Annex VI standard (2010): 4.5% SOx emitted • IMO Annex VI standard (2012): 3.5% SOx emitted • IMO Annex VI standard (2020): 0.5% SOx emitted

  20. Fuel Economics • IFO 180 ~$445/tonne (~5.0% sulfur) (2010 Singapore price) • Low-sulfur Distillate Fuel (Marine Gasoil or MGO) ~$648/tonne (~1.5% sulfur) (2010 Singapore price) • In an extremely competitive industry, fuel prices can be critical to profitability • Yet, in terms of fuel economy, marine transportation is the most efficient means of goods movement

  21. In Port Sources of Diesel Pollution • “Hotelling” use of ships’ auxiliary diesel engines • Diesel powered yard equipment • Diesel powered locomotives • Diesel trucks used for cargo drayage in and near the port

  22. Remedies for Air Pollution • Requiring ships and terminals to use shore power • In port, ships must shut down auxiliary engines and use shore power • Phase in the practice • Cost to shipowners: ~US$500k per vessel • Install cables and connections to main shipboard electrical supply system • Cost to ports: • depends upon availability of power at the dock • Additional cost to provide adequate power outlets at each berth

  23. Typical Shore Power Installation

  24. Shore Power (Alternative Maritime Power) in Port of Los Angeles

  25. Alternative Maritime Power (AMP)

  26. Landside Diesel-Trucks • Retrofit trucks with clean-burning diesel engines • Require the use of low-sulfur (≤0.15% or 15 ppm) fuels • Retrofit yard equipment • Install catalytic converters on diesel engines • Require emulsified low-sulfur diesel fuel • Require electric or hybrid diesel power • Replace yard equipment with clean diesel or hybrid power • Impose a per-container fee to pay for these improvements

  27. Landside Diesel-Locomotives • Retrofit locomotives with clean-burning diesel engines • Convert to electric railways • Retrofit yard (switching) locomotives to electric or hybrid • Switching does not require the power of line-haul locomotives • Recharge with onboard diesel when idle • Use diesel power to augment battery when under heavy load

  28. Clean Air Action Plan (CAAP) • Developed by the Port of Los Angeles and Port of Long Beach • Designed to improve air quality in the Los Angeles air basin • Comprehensive air management plan • Available online in Hangul and English at: • http://www.polb.com/environment/air/caap.asp • Scroll down to link for version in Hangul

  29. A Green Port Style of Management

  30. The Port and the Community • Port is a part of a larger community • Port activities create jobs • Also create pollution that affects the nearby community • Green Port • Works with local community to create good jobs • Communicates with local community • Works cooperatively to reduce pollution effects on local community

  31. Green Communication • Ongoing community engagement • Ports establish Community Advisory Boards • Meet with them regularly • Share plans for the port at an early stage in development • Be willing to modify plans to accommodate local concerns • Maintain the Board even if no large projects are being planned • Develop confidence between community leaders and port managers

  32. Affording a Greener Port • Distribution of costs vs. benefits • Costs: Adverse effects of port operations • Public health • Road congestion: affects both public & goods movement system • Regional environmental quality • Benefits: Positive effects of port operations • Employment in and near the port • Availability of international trade to manufacturer, shipper, BCO and consumer • Economic development (national and regional) • Balancing costs vs. benefits • Who decides the balance point? • Who represents the greatest number of people affected by port operations?

  33. Affording a Greener Port • One idea for funding • Container charge for cargo moving through the port (Pigovian tax) • Charges are passed to the BCO--ultimately to the consumer • Use revenue to: • Remediate polluting publicly owned port facilities • Provide loans for upgrade of private port facilities/equipment • Build new greener facilities (hybrid yard equipment) • Develop a clean truck fleet (Los Angeles/Long Beach) • Develop a clean electric freight rail system

  34. Professional Information Exchange on Green Ports

  35. GreenPort Magazine

  36. GreenPort Magazine EWP Communications, Ltd. Suite 28, Isabel House 46 Victoria Road, Surbiton KT6 4JL United Kingdom +44 (0)20 8399 5001 www.wwpcommunications.com www.green-port.net

  37. GreenPort Magazine

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