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Space and Connections

Space and Connections. Spatial Thinking. Geographers think about the arrangement of people and activities found in space and try to understand why those people and activities are distributed across space as they are

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Space and Connections

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  1. Space and Connections

  2. Spatial Thinking • Geographers think about the arrangement of people and activities found in space and try to understand why those people and activities are distributed across space as they are • Immanuel Kent compared geography’s concern for space to history’s concern for time

  3. Distribution • The arrangement of a feature in space • Properties of Distribution • Density • Concentration • Pattern

  4. Density • The frequency with which something occurs in space • Arithmetic Density: total number of objects in an area • Used to compare the distribution of population • Physiological Density: number of people per unit of area suitable for agriculture • Agricultural Density: number of farmers per unit area of farmland • Housing Density: number of dwelling units per unit of area

  5. Housing density in Hong Kong

  6. What is similar or different about these plans for a residential area?

  7. Concentration • The extent of a feature’s spread over space • Clustered, dispersed • US population is changing from clustered in the Northeast to more evenly dispersed across the country

  8. Density and Concentration of Baseball Teams, 1952–2000 Fig. 1-19: The changing distribution of North American baseball teams illustrates the differences between density and concentration. Re scan from textbook!!

  9. Pattern • The geometric arrangement of objects in space

  10. Connections between places • Geographers think about connections among places and regions • Space-time compression: the reduction in the time it takes for something to reach another place. • Better connections means more cultural exchange occurs

  11. Space-Time Compression, 1492–1962 Fig. 1-20: The times required to cross the Atlantic, or orbit the Earth, illustrate how transport improvements have shrunk the world.

  12. Spatial Interaction • Interdependence exists among places based upon the degree of spatial interaction. • Spatial interaction is established through the movement of people, ideas, and objects between regions. • When places are connected to each other through a network, geographers say there is a spatial interaction between them. • Distance decay: contact diminishes with increasing distance and eventually disappears. • How has electronic communications changed this?

  13. Airline Route Networks Fig. 1-21: Delta Airlines, like many others, has configured its route network in a “hub and spoke” system.

  14. Diffusion • The process by which a characteristic spreads across space from one place to another over time. • Hearth: the place from which an innovation originates • For example – US, Canadian, and many Latin cultures can be traced back to the European Hearth

  15. Types of Diffusion • Relocation Diffusion: the spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another • When people move they carry with them their culture • Expansion Diffusion: the spread of a feature from one place to another in a snowballing process • Hierarchical diffusion • Contagious diffusion • Stimulus diffusion

  16. AIDS Diffusion in the U.S.,1981–2001 Fig. 1-22: New AIDS cases were concentrated in three nodes in 1981. They spread through the country in the 1980s, but declined in the original nodes in the late 1990s.

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