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Psychological Disorders

Psychological Disorders. “To study the abnormal is the best way of understanding the normal” – William James 26% experience a disorder within a given year 6% classified as serious. Eccentric (Deviant) Behavior vs. Disordered Behavior?. Disordered Behavior Criteria. Deviant Distressful

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Psychological Disorders

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  1. Psychological Disorders • “To study the abnormal is the best way of understanding the normal” – WilliamJames • 26% experience a disorder within a given year • 6% classified as serious

  2. Eccentric (Deviant) Behavior vs. Disordered Behavior?

  3. Disordered Behavior Criteria • Deviant • Distressful • Dysfunctional

  4. Two Perspectives on Psychological Disorders • Medical Model (Pinel, late 1700s) • disorders are diseases that exhibit symptoms and are diagnosed and treated • Biopsychosocial Perspective • emphasizes interaction of genetics, inner dynamics, experiences, & socio-cultural environment

  5. Classification of Disorders • DSM-5 (2013) • Uses medical-like terminology • Categories of disorders

  6. Somatic Symptom and other Disorders • Physical symptoms without a physical cause • Hysteria/Conversion disorder (Freud) • Hypochondriasis

  7. Anxiety Disorders • Free floating anxiety • Panic attack

  8. Panic Disorder • Extreme anxiety that is short-lived

  9. Specific Phobia • Anxiety directed at specific objects or events

  10. Social Phobia • Extreme anxiety about interacting with people and being in social situations

  11. Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders (OCD) • Stories • El Camino

  12. Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders • Acute Stress Disorder • Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder • clip

  13. Anxiety and Related Disorders Causes • Fear conditioning • Observational learning • Evolutionary response to threat • Genetic component • Brain circuitry

  14. Mood Disorders

  15. Depressive Disorders • Major Depressive Disorder • Case Study 1 • Case Study 2 • Dysthymia

  16. Bipolar and Related Disorders • Pronounced mood swings • clip • Bipolar 1 (Manic-Depressive) • Bipolar 2 • clip • Cyclothymia

  17. Mood Disorder Causes • Inherited genetic link (linkage analysis) • Brain structure and circuitry abnormalities • Unbalanced levels of serotonin and/or other neurotransmitters • Self-defeating (negative) beliefs

  18. Dissociative Disorders (3 types) • Dissociate amnesia and fugue • Depersonalization / Derealization • Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) link

  19. Schizophrenia Spectrum and other Psychotic Disorders • Disorganized thinking • Disturbed perceptions • “Word salad” • Inappropriate emotions • Repetitive motions • Chronic vs. acute episodes • Positive vs. negative symptoms • Heather • Gerald • Time Cube

  20. Underlying Factors for Schizophrenia • Brain chemistry abnormality (e.g., excess dopamine; low glutamate) • Brain structure abnormality (frontal lobes, thalamus, amygdala) • Fetal virus infections • Genetic factors • Unusual stress • “Dopamine Dysfunction Disorder”?

  21. Personality Disorders • Avoidant • Obsessive-Compulsive • Borderline • Schizotypal • Antisocial / Psychopathic • BTK Killer

  22. Additional Disorders • Feeding/Eating • Neurodevelopmental • Neurocognitive • Sleep-Wake • Sexual Dysfunction • Gender Dysphoria • Conduct • Substance-related and Addictive

  23. Use of Labels for Disorders • Clinicians - helps in describing and treatment • Critics - can cause preconceptions and bias that are harmful (Thomas Szasz) • Rosehan (1973) study

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