Paper 1 – Move to Global War

1. Paper 1 – Move to Global War • Impact of fascism and Nazism on the foreign policies of Italy and Germany • Impact of domestic economic issues on the foreign policies of Italy and Germany • Changing diplomatic alignments in Europe; the end of collective security; appeasement • German challenges to the post-war settlements (1933–1938) • Italian expansion: Abyssinia (1935–1936); Albania; entry into the Second World War • German expansion (1938–1939); Pact of Steel, Nazi–Soviet Pact and the outbreak of war • International response to German aggression (1933–1938) • International response to Italian aggression (1935–1936) • International response to German and Italian aggression (1940) Cause of Expansion Events Response

2. Lesson 1a – Italian Expansionism • Essential Question • To what extent was there change & continuity in Italian foreign policy? • Learning Outcomes - Students will: • Define Fascism • Learn about Mussolini’s foreign policy in the 1920s • Success Criteria • I can complete a chart outlining Mussolini’s foreign policy goals Leave space for 4 lessons

3. Vocab • Corfu Incident • Pact of Rome • Pact of Friendship • Treaty of Friendship • Fascism

4. Reading • SL– Pg. 112-140 (Move to Global War) • HL Only – Interwar Years - Pg. 65~90 • Class vs. Textbook • Class – discuss the main ideas and themes, with some evidence • Textbook – provides further evidence to support your claims & provides practice questions 5 Lessons

5. Fascism Ideology • When Mussolini came to power until 1925, it was “more a political action party seeking an ideology”James B. Whisker • Therefore, more pragmatic group that can adjust to different situations • Ex. Communism – Ideology is already created, therefore forced to follow its ideas, as opposed to creating their own

6. What is Fascism? • From the events leading to Mussolini’s rise to power, what is fascism? • Ex. How did he come to power? Was he elected? What does this show about democracy? • Ex. Who are the enemies? • Ex. Why did the industrialists support them? • Ex. Why was Italy upset after WW1? What was promised to them? How many died? For what? • What is Fascism? • Anti-democratic – do not respect democratic institutions, such as Parliament, other political parties, etc… • Anti-communist - 1921 – squadre d’azione killed 100 socialists • Militant/Use of violence - squadre d’azione, Blackshirts • Nationalistic/Pride in the state – Fiume Affair

7. What is Fascism? • From the events leading to Mussolini’s rise to power, what is fascism? • Ex. What style of gov’t should lead? • Ex. What was the Fascist solution to economic problems? • What is Fascism? • Anti-democratic – do not respect democratic institutions, such as Parliament, other political parties, etc… • Anti-communist - 1921 – squadre d’azione killed 100 socialists • Militant/Use of violence - squadre d’azione, Blackshirts • Nationalistic/Pride in the state – Fiume Affair • Authoritarian leadership - Acerbo Law & Matteotti Crisis • State control benefiting businesses – Corporate State

8. Foreign Policy Goal Mussolini – make Italy “great, respected and feared”

9. Foreign Policy Why did Mussolini not stand up to Britain as he did Greece? • Corfu incident (Aug ’23) – an Italian general is murdered in Greece • Mussolini demanded an apology and 50 mil lire from the Greek gov’t, who refused as they were not responsible • In response, Mussolini invaded the Greek island of Corfu • Greece paid the fine making Mussolini and national hero and easily winning the election • No apology and were forced to leave the island when Britain sent its navy to the area • Significance • Shows Mussolini can bully small countries, but not “great” powers • Foreign Policy success helped Mussolini win the 1924 elections

10. Foreign Policy actions • Diplomacy • Can’t push around the “great” powers • Keep Britain and France on his side • Remained in the League of Nations • 1925 – Locarno Treaty - European powers, including Italy, recognize the current borders of Europe • 1926 – came to an agreement with Britain over the border with Libya and Egypt • 1928 – signs the Kellogg-Briand Pact

11. Foreign Policy actions • Aggression/Seeking Allies • Can push around smaller countries • 1924 – Pact of Rome - Yugoslavia accepts Italian occupation of Fiume • gave aid (money, Italian companies invested and Italian officers advised the military) to an Albanian chieftain Zog against Yugoslavia • 1926 – Pact of Friendship – Albania is pretty much a satellite state of Italy • Gave secret support to extreme nationalists groups in Europe • Ex. 1927 – Treaty of Friendship – Italy would secretly sell weapons to Hungary

12. Foreign Policy Goal Mussolini – make Italy “great, respected and feared” Corfu Incident Political – Acerbo Law Economic – Corporate Sate and Battle of Wheat Locarno Treaty 1924 – Pact of Rome with Yugoslavia 1929 – Pact of Friendship Not very successful Corfu Incident 1926 – gaining territory in Egypt Gaining territory in Africa, Yugoslavia, Albania Gave secret support to extremist groups Ex. Treaty of Friendship

13. Paper 1 – Move to Global War • Impact of fascism and Nazism on the foreign policies of Italy and Germany • Impact of domestic economic issues on the foreign policies of Italy and Germany • Changing diplomatic alignments in Europe; the end of collective security; appeasement • German challenges to the post-war settlements (1933–1938) • Italian expansion: Abyssinia (1935–1936); Albania; entry into the Second World War • German expansion (1938–1939); Pact of Steel, Nazi–Soviet Pact and the outbreak of war • International response to German aggression (1933–1938) • International response to Italian aggression (1935–1936) • International response to German and Italian aggression (1940) Cause of Expansion Events Response

14. Lesson 1b – Italian Expansionism • Essential Question • To what extent was there change & continuity in Italian foreign policy? • Learning Outcomes - Students will: • Preview – define the command and clarifying terms • Learn about the shift in foreign policy • Success Criteria • I can begin my continuity and change chart Leave space for 4 lessons

15. Preview • To what extent was there change & continuity in Italian foreign policy in the 1930s? • Can you find the command term? • To what extent • Clarifying term? • Change • Continuity

16. Vocab • “To what extent” • Change • Continuity • Four Powers Pact • Anschluss • Stresa Front • Abyssinia • Hoare-Laval Pact

17. Reading • SL & HL – Pg. 112-140 (Move to Global War) • HL Only – Interwar Years - Pg. 65~90 • Class vs. Textbook • Class – discuss the main ideas and themes, with some evidence • Textbook – provides further evidence to support your claims & provides practice questions 4 Lessons

18. Continuity or Change

19. Mussolini and Hitler • Originally, saw Hitler as a junior ally while Mussolini had to goal of being a power in Europe • June 1934 – Mussolini invited Br, France and Germany to sign the Four Powers Pact • These powers came to Italy and Mussolini was giving Europe leadership • 1934 – meets Hitler in Venice calling him “a silly little monkey”

20. Mussolini and Hitler • Mussolini was worried about an Anschluss • Italy would lose its northern border security • Hitler would demand the German-speaking region of Alto Adige • 1934 – Right-wing and Mussolini supported leader of Austria, Dollfuss, is assassinated by Austrian Nazis • July 1934 – Italy placed troops on the Austrian-Italian border to deter Germany creating an armed Anschluss • Apr. 1935 – Stresa Front • alliance with Britain and France to prevent German expansion and protect Austrian sovereignty • Significance • Britain and France are fearful of Germany • Thisfearwould cause Britain and France to support Mussolini in hisoverseasexpansion Are Mussolini and Hitler Allies? How important is ideology?

21. Abyssinia • Why Abyssinia? • Desire for Empire (spazio vitale) • Increase colonial troops to increase strength • Image – impress the Great Powers and increase national prestige after failed domestic policies • Abyssinia was weak, uncolonized and could be attacked via Eritrea and Somaliland • 1935 – over a local disagreement over grazing rights, Mussolini sends 500,000 soldiers, with the latest weaponry (tanks, poison gas) against Ethiopians, many using spears • 275,000 Ethiopians killed • International reaction • Hoare-Laval Pact - Britain and France secretly proposed giving Italy 2/3 of Abyssinia, until it was leaked • League of Nations condemned Italy, declaring it the aggressor nation and imposed sanctions, but not on oil

22. Abyssinia - Impact • Collapse of the Stresa front • After the Hoare-Laval Pact was leaked, Br and Fr imposed an oil embargo in Mar. ’36, but not implemented until May • Pushed Italy and Germany closer to one another • 1936 – Mussolini tells Hitler that he does not oppose an Anschluss with Austria • 1936 – agreed to join Hitler in the Spanish Civil War • League of Nations is seen as weak • July – ends all sanctions against Italy • 1937 – Italy leaves the League of Nations • Mussolini had the first steps of his “New Roman Empire,” although it did not bring him much economic benefit • Mussolini is praised at home • Continued guerilla warfare • Italy spent 12.5% of its budget on East Africa • “Ethiopia bled Italy dry” - Clark

23. Continuity or Change Examples Examples Examples Examples

24. Paper 1 – Move to Global War • Impact of fascism and Nazism on the foreign policies of Italy and Germany • Impact of domestic economic issues on the foreign policies of Italy and Germany • Changing diplomatic alignments in Europe; the end of collective security; appeasement • German challenges to the post-war settlements (1933–1938) • Italian expansion: Abyssinia (1935–1936); Albania; entry into the Second World War • German expansion (1938–1939); Pact of Steel, Nazi–Soviet Pact and the outbreak of war • International response to German aggression (1933–1938) • International response to Italian aggression (1935–1936) • International response to German and Italian aggression (1940) Cause of Expansion Events Response

25. Lesson 1c – Italian Expansionism • Essential Question • To what extent was there change & continuity in Italian foreign policy? • Learning Outcomes - Students will: • Preview – What is the message conveyed? • Learn about Mussolini’s foreign policy after the Abyssinian crisis • Find out why Italy entered WW2 • Success Criteria • I can complete my continuity and change chart Leave space for 4 lessons

26. 1b – Message Conveyed

27. Vocab • Rome-Berlin Axis • Anti-COMINTERN Pact • Munich Conference • Pact of Steel • Non-belligerent

28. Reading • SL & HL – Pg. 112-140 (Move to Global War) • HL Only – Interwar Years - Pg. 65~90 • Class vs. Textbook • Class – discuss the main ideas and themes, with some evidence • Textbook – provides further evidence to support your claims & provides practice questions 4 Lessons

29. Relationship with Germany • Germany and Italy move closer together • 1936 – Germany and Italy send aid during the Spanish Civil War • Oct 1936 – Rome – Berlin Axis • Secretly, Italy would direct its attention to the Mediterranean while Germany would look east • Nov 1937 – Anti-Comintern Pact • 1938 – Italy accepts the Anschluss • Why • Abyssinia and Spain made it clear that Mussolini was alone • 1937 – Mussolini visits Hitler • Hitler produces a grand parade showing the military might of Germany • It is apparent that the Mussolini has become the junior partner in this alliance

30. “Honest broker” • Mussolini wished to be seen as the “broker of peace,” therefore reaffirming his powerful standing in Europe • 1938 Munich Conference • Mussolini actsas mediator • Isseenas a hero for preventing war • Significance • Britain and France would do anything to avoid war • Mussolini views Britain and France as weak • Mar ‘39 - Reaffirmed when Hitler invades Czechoslovakia

31. Aggression • Mussolini took advantage of this to push his own foreign policy in the Balkans and Mediterranean (Mare Nostrum) • 1938 - Calls for the annexation of Corsica, Nice and Tunis • Apr. 1939 – invades Albania • 1939 – Mussolini sends an ultimatum demanding Albania to allow Italian occupation, which is refused • Similar to Poland, Britain provides guarantees to Greece and Romania to aid if attacked • May 1939 – Pact of Steel • Each nation would join the other in war, regardless if they started it • Mussolini informs Hitler that his army is 3 years away from being ready

32. Why did Italy Enter WW2? • Sept 1, 1939 – Hitler invades Poland • Mussolini does not enter since he is not ready • the country has fought wars over the last 5 years (war weary) • Not in Italian interests • Mussolini declared Italy a “non-belligerent” • June 1940 – Italy declares war • Why? • The west would soon be defeated • Germany would dominate Europe, a country upset with Mussolini’s unwillingness to follow the Pact of Steel • If he joined, he would share Europe and gain a free hand in the Mediterranean

33. Examples Examples Examples Examples Examples

34. Paper 1 – Move to Global War • Impact of fascism and Nazism on the foreign policies of Italy and Germany • Impact of domestic economic issues on the foreign policies of Italy and Germany • Changing diplomatic alignments in Europe; the end of collective security; appeasement • German challenges to the post-war settlements (1933–1938) • Italian expansion: Abyssinia (1935–1936); Albania; entry into the Second World War • German expansion (1938–1939); Pact of Steel, Nazi–Soviet Pact and the outbreak of war • International response to German aggression (1933–1938) • International response to Italian aggression (1935–1936) • International response to German and Italian aggression (1940) Cause of Expansion Events Response

35. Lesson 1d – Italian Expansionism • Essential Question • To what extent was there change & continuity in Italian foreign policy? • Learning Outcomes - Students will: • Determine the most significant event in Mussolini’s foreign policy • Review the chart to find the continuity and change • Learn about the historiography of Mussolini’s foreign policy • Success Criteria • I can complete a table for the historiography of Italian foreign policy Last Lesson

36. Review - Significance What do you think is the most significant event in Mussolini’s foreign policy? Why?

37. Vocab • Renzo De Felice • AJP Taylor • Gerhard Schreiber

38. Reading • SL & HL – Pg. 112-140 (Move to Global War) • HL Only – Interwar Years - Pg. 65~90 • Class vs. Textbook • Class – discuss the main ideas and themes, with some evidence • Textbook – provides further evidence to support your claims & provides practice questions Last Lesson

39. To what extent was there change & continuity in Italian foreign policy?

40. To what extent was there change & continuity in Italian foreign policy?

41. Historiography Leave 3 lines for each category

42. Historiography • Renzo De Felice (Mussolini’s official biographer) • Italian foreign policy: Mussolini had minor goals in the Mediterranean and had no intention of attacking West • Mussolini wished to be the power that balanced Europe (ex. Munich Conference) • Italian-German Alliance: Alliance with Hitler was not imperialist in nature but more out of fear of Germany • Ex. Mussolini signed the Pact of Steel out of fear of Hitler

43. Historiography AJP Taylor • Italian foreign policy: Mussolini sought an expansionist policy in the Mediterranean • Ex. Because his focus was in the Mediterranean (Mare Nostrum), he would naturally be more against Britain and France • Italian-German Alliance: conflicted with Hitler • Ex. Mussolini thought Hitler agreed to leave Austria independent, but this is in contrast to the Anschluss

44. Historiography • Gerhard Schreiber • Italian foreign policy: dependent on the domestic policies within Italy • Foreign Policy was just a form of propaganda to gain domestic approval • Ex. Abyssinia increased national prestige • Ex. Entered the Spanish Civil War to appease Catholics who feared a communist takeover • Italian-German Alliance: Had no strategy joining with Hitler • Ex. Stresa Front to Pact of Steel to Non-belligerent to enter WW2

45. Historiography

46. Foreign Policy Goal Mussolini – make Italy “great, respected and feared”