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PHYSICS DEPARTMENT

PHYSICS DEPARTMENT. LASER. LASER stands for LIGHT APLIFICATION by STIMULATED EMISSION of RADITIONS First laser was constructed by Maiman

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PHYSICS DEPARTMENT

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  1. PHYSICS DEPARTMENT

  2. LASER • LASER stands for LIGHT APLIFICATION by STIMULATED EMISSION of RADITIONS • First laser was constructed by Maiman • Laser action has been obtained with atoms, ions & molecules in gases, liquids, solids, semiconductors at wavelength( λ ) ranging from ultraviolet to radio frequency regions and with power ranging from a few milli watts to mega watts.

  3. Stimulated Absorption • E1 & E0 are two energy levels such that E1 is excited energy level & E0 is lower energy level. • If hν=E1- E0 ,where ƒ is frequency of incident radiation, then radiation photon is absorbed & electron jumps from E0 toE1.

  4. Spontaneous Emission • The excited atom does not remain in higher energy state for long.It gives out a photon of energy hν= E1- E0 & returns to ground state. As this process does not require stimulus from outside,so it is termed as spontaneous emission.

  5. Stimulated Emission • The excited atom in energy state E1 may not come to ground state at given instant. So it requires external stimulation. When a photon of energy hν= E1- E0 strikes the atom in excited state , it comes to ground state. The photon emitted goes parallel to incident photon & both of these photons are in phase. For laser to have Stimulated Emission, the following two conditions must be satisfied 1)The higher energy state should have longer life time 2) The number of atoms in higher energy state E1 must be more than that in E0

  6. Population Inversion • The situation in which number of atoms in higher energy state is greater than in lower energy state is called population inversion. It can be obtained even at room temperature by laser pumping.various pumping methods are:opticalpumping,chemical pumping, electrical pumping. when population inversion is obtained, emitted photons have same frequency and phase. They travel in same direction. Thus the number of photons goes on multiplying by stimulated emission. Hence we get a highly intense, monochromatic, coherence and unidirectional beam.

  7. RESONANCE CAVITY Fully Reflecting mirror Partially reflecting mirror Active medium A medium with population inversion is capable of amplification but in order to get a continuous supply of light energy it is required to couple a part of output back into the medium. It can be made by placing an active medium between two mirrors such that one is fully reflecting and other is partially reflecting. Active medium: A medium which on excitation produces population inversion and promotes stimulated emission

  8. Characteristics of Laser • 1)Directionality • 2)Intensity • 3)Monochromaticity • 4)Coherence

  9. 1)Directionality • The conventional source emits radiation in all direction. But Laser emits light in particular direction. Directionality of laser can be expressed in terms of full angle beam divergence,which is twice the angle that outer edge of beam makes with the axis of beam. • The angular spread Δθ =λ/d where d is diameter of aperture.

  10. 2) Intensity • Laser gives out light in form of narrow beam with energy concentrated in a small region. • Even 1 watt laser appears thousands times more intense than 100 watt ordinary lamp. • The power output from a small gas laser is 10-3 watt whereas that from a pulsed solid state laser may be as high as 109 watt.

  11. 3) Monochromaticity Laser emits light which is more monochromatic than any other monochromatic conventional source. Light emitted from a monochromatic conventional source is not perfectly sharp.It spreads whereas laser light spreads very little as shown in figure.

  12. 4) Coherence • It is measure of degree of phase correlation that exists in radiation field of light source at different locations and different times. • Coherence is of two types a) Spatial Coherence b) Temporal Coherence

  13. Temporal Coherence • If the phase difference between any two points at an instant of time lying in direction of propagation of the electromagnetic wave is independent of time, the coherence is temporal coherence.

  14. Spatial Coherence • If the phase difference between any two points at an instant of time lying in the plane perpendicular to direction of propagation is independent of time, the coherence is spatial coherence.

  15. THANKS

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