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Lab # 1

Lab # 1. Endocrine System. THIS IS A STUDY GUIDE , NOT AN ALL INCLUSIVE REVIEW. THERE MIGHT BE THINGS NOT COVERED BY THIS STUDY GUIDE THAT MIGHT BE ASKED IN YOUR Q UIZZES and PRACTICAL TESTS .

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Lab # 1

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  1. Lab # 1 Endocrine System

  2. THIS IS A STUDY GUIDE, NOT AN ALL INCLUSIVE REVIEW. • THERE MIGHT BE THINGS NOT COVERED BY THIS STUDY GUIDE THAT MIGHT BEASKED IN YOUR QUIZZES and PRACTICAL TESTS. • STUDENTS ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR STUDYING THEIR MANUAL AND FOR ALL THE MATERIAL COVERED DURING THE LABORATORY PERIOD, AS PER THE COURSE SYLLABUS

  3. There are Two Organ Systems Dedicated to Maintaining the Internal Conditions (Homeostasis): 1- Nervous System It employs electrical and chemical means to send messages from cell to cell. Target cell (skeletal muscle cell) 2- Endocrine System Endocrine gland It communicates by means of chemical messengers (hormones) secreted into to the blood. Hormone Target cell (skeletal muscle cell)

  4. The Hypothalamus and the Pituitary Gland The hypothalamus and the pituitary gland have the greatest influence in regulating the entire endocrine system. Thalamus The hypothalamus secrets releasing hormones that trigger secretions of the anterior pituitary gland. The pituitary gland secrets hormones that control other glands. Hypothalamus Pituitary gland

  5. Corpus callosum Septum pellucidum Pineal gland Pituitary gland Hypothalamus Infundibulum Intermediate mass Fornix Thalamus Epi- thalamus Anterior commissure Optic chiasm Mamillary body

  6. Three Mechanisms of Hypothalamic Control over Endocrine Function 1 2 3 Production of ADH and Oxytocin Control of sympathetic output to adrenal medulla Secretion of regulatory hormones to control activity of anterior lobe of pituitary gland Tropic hormones secreted by anterior lobe of pituitary gland control other endocrine organs Secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine Release of ADH and oxytocin

  7. Anatomy of the Hypothalamus and the Pituitary Gland Anterior Posterior Third ventricle of brain Hypothalamus: Anterior lobe or Adenohypophysis: Pars tuberalis (around the infundibulum) Infundibulum (stalk) Pars intermedia (in the interior) Posterior lobe, Neurohypophysis or Par nervosa Pars distalis (main portion of anterior lobe)

  8. The Anterior Pituitary Produces Seven Hormones Releasing hormones are produced by the hypothalamus . Releasing hormones Releasing hormones target the anterior pituitary (adenohypo-physis ) Growth hormone (GH) • It stimulates mitosis and cellular differentiation and thus promotes tissue growth throughout the body Liver Prolactin (PRL) • After birth stimulates the mammary glands to synthesize milk. PRL GH Fat, muscle, bone Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) • It stimulates secretion of thyroid hormone. TSH ACTH Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Gonadotropins: It stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids. MSH Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) FSH LH • It stimulates the development of ovarian follicles, secretion of ovarian sex hormones, and sperm production. Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) Luteinizing hormone (LH) It stimulates the melanocytes of skin to produce melanin. • It stimulates ovulation, stimulates corpus luteum to secrete progesterone, stimulates testes to secrete testosterone.

  9. The Hypothalamus Produces two Hormones: Oxytocin (OT) and Antidiuretic Hormone Oxytocin (OT) • It stimulates uterine contractions and propulsion of semen. Oxytocin (OT) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) • It stimulates labor contractions during childbirth. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) • It increases water retention thus reducing urine volume and prevents dehydration. • It is also called vasopressin because it can cause vasoconstriction. Posterior pituitary or Neurohypophysis stores and releases: Oxytocin (OT) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

  10. Isthmus Right lobe Left lobe 2- Thyroid Gland

  11. Calcitonin T4 or Thyroxine T3 or Triiodothyronine

  12. 1- T4 or thyroxine Follicular hormones (they are produced by the follicular cells) 2- T3 or triioodothyronine Thyroid Hormones 1- T4 or thyroxine 2- T3 or triiodothyronine 3- Calcitonin 1- They increase the rate of oxygen uptake and the basal metabolic rate 2- They enhance the effects of sympathetic stimulation (increasing heart rate, blood pressure, nervousness, and sweating) 3- They help to maintain body temperature 4- They help to regulate growth, development, and intracellular metabolism by increasing protein synthesis and lipid breakdown 5- They stimulate RBC formation, and speed up bone turnover

  13. Calcitonin hormone is released by thyroid gland Inhibits osteoclasts to resorb bone, and encourages calcium salt deposit in bone matrix [Calcium] in blood 3- Calcitonin It is released in response to high levels of calcium in the blood [Calcium] in blood

  14. Thyroid gland, posterior view Parathyroid glands Parathyroid glands 3- Parathyroid Glands

  15. Parathyroid hormone is released by parathyroid gland Stimulates the osteoclasts to resorb bone, releasing calcium to the blood [Calcium] in blood [Calcium] in blood Increases absorption of calcium and phosphate from the intestines The Parathyroid Hormone It increases calcium blood levels by targeting bone andkidneys 1- In bones [Calcium] in blood 2- In kidneys - It increases calcium reabsortion - It increases formation and secretion of calcitriol

  16. 4-Thymus Gland • The thymus is located in the mediastinum. • It atrophies after puberty. Functions: • The thymus is divided into two thymic lobes. • 1- It secretes thymic hormones that stimulate stem cell divisions and T cell differentiation. • Septa divide lobes into smaller lobules. The lymphocytes divide in the cortex. • T cells migrate into medulla. Mature T cells leave thymus by medullary blood vessels.

  17. 5- Suprarenal Glands

  18. Medulla (It is considered part of Sympathetic Autonomic nervous System) Catecholamines (Epinephrine and Norepinephrine) Sex hormones ( androgens) Glucocorticoids (Cortisol, Cortisone and Corticosterone) Mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone)

  19. Blood pressure or plasma solute concentration Renin-angiotencin mechanism Aldosterone secretion Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex 1- Mineralocorticoides (Aldosterone) Blood Pressure -It increases sodium and water reabsortion in kidneys -It increases potassium secretion in kidneys Aldosterone secretion is regulated by the renin-angiotencin mechanism 2- Glucocorticoids (Corticosterone and Cortisol) -They help the body to resist stressors -They depress the immune system and the inflammatory response 3- Gonadocorticoids or Sex Hormones (Androgens) -They are masculinizing hormones. • In females they stimulate sexual drive. After menopause they are converted to estrogens.

  20. Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla Catecholamines (Epinephrine and Norepinephrine) They increase: -Cardiac activity -Blood pressure -Glycogen breakdown -Blood glucose levels -Triglyceride breakdown

  21. 6- Pancreas

  22. Endocrine pancreas Exocrine pancreas Islets of Langerhans Pancreatic acini They secrete large quantities of an alkaline, enzyme rich fluid 1- Beta cells: Insulin 2- Alpha cells: Glucagon 3- Delta cells: Somatostatin 4- F cells: Pancreatic polypeptide

  23. -It stimulates the liver to produce glucose -It stimulates to breakdown glycogen Liver 1- Glucagon(released by alpha cells) Blood glucose Glucagon Pancreas Blood glucose ( alpha cells) 2- Insulin (released by beta cells) - It increases the rate of glucose uptake by cells - Blood glucose - It increases cellular metabolism Insulin - It increases the storage of lipid and glycogen (beta cells) Pancreas - Increases aminoacids absorption and protein synthesis Blood glucose

  24. 7- Testes and Ovaries The Testes They become spermatozoa Germ cells Interstitial cells Sustentacular cells They produce Androgens (testosterone) They produce Inhibin Androgens: They promote maturation of male sexual organs, and production and maturation of sperm Inhibin: It inhibits the secretion of FSH

  25. The Ovaries

  26. Secondary follicles Tertiary follicles The Ovaries Prepares the uterus for implantation Corpus luteum: Establishes the menstrual cycle Progesterone Maintains pregnancy Prepares mammary glands for milk secretion Primary oocytes Primary follicles Follicles: Estrogens Stimulate follicle maturation Stimulate maturation of the female re[productive system Stimulate development of the secondary sexual characteristics

  27. 7b- The Ovaries

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