Integrating Climate Change Concern into Sustainable Development Strategy- A Case Study of China

1. International Workshop on Climate Change and Sustainable Development 7-8 April, 2006, New Delhi, India Integrating Climate Change Concern into Sustainable Development Strategy-A Case Study of China Ying Chen Research Centre for Sustainable Development (RCSD) Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS)

2. Outline • Climate change and it impacts in China • Energy, mitigation and sustainable development in China • Challenges • New goals • Policies & measures • Effectiveness & potentials

3. Climate is Changing and Impacts are unevenly felt.

4. Changes of annual average temperature in China (1951-2001)

5. Changes of annual rainfall in China (1956-2002)

6. Adverse impacts of climate change on natural and human systems • Land degradation • Biodiversity losses • Increase of weather-related disasters, particularly floods and droughts • Decreased water availability • Reduction in potential crop yields • Coastal zones and marine systems • Increase in the risks for human settlements and human health • Increased energy demand for space cooling

7. 300 250 200 150 100 50 Economic losses resulted from weather-related disasters (1949-2004) Economic losses (billion RMB)

8. Flood, August 1999 Heilongjiang, 11 June 2005 Wuzhou,Guangxi, 2 July 2005 Nanning airport, Guangxi, 2001 Houses collapsing in flood Aug. 1999

9. Drought in Hainan province Water pollution in Yellow River Access to safety drinking water Typhoon, July 2005, in Zhejiang province Summer of 2005, in Nanjing, Jiangsu province

10. Building adaptive capacity • These impacts are results of both climatic and non-climatic factors, which are generally difficult to quantify. • Assessment methodology and tools have to be improved to get a better understanding. • Adaptation is a necessary strategy at all level. • There is an urgent need for developing countries to build adaptive capacity. • Some autonomous adaptation measures have been demonstrated effective. • More efforts and necessary resources needed to build adaptive .

11. Energy, Mitigation and Sustainable Development

12. Great Challenges • China is in a accelerated process of industrialization and urbanization, shifting from labour-intensive to capital intensive phases. • The energy demand has surged since 2002 when a new round of investment-driven economic growth began. • The energy mix dominated by coal could not be shifted. • Although currently the energy consumption and emission per capita are lower than world average level, China will loss the advantages soon. • With increase of oil imported (40% in 2004), energy security concern is growing. • Air pollution and acid rain are still sever environmental problems.

13. Energy intensity (tce/10000yuan) has decreased by 45% within 1990-2004 but increased since 2002 Equivalent to 700 Mtce of Energy saving, 1050 tonsSO2 and 440 MtC emissions reduction GDP is Calculated with comparable price in 2000;

14. Increases of energy consumption, emissions, population and GDP (1990-2003)

15. Distribution of Acid rain areas Failed to achieve the goal of 20% reduction by 2005 blow the level of 2000, set up by the Tenth Five-year Plan

16. Well known recipes • Conservation • Renewables • Fuel switching • Deployment and transfer of existing technologies • Development of new technologies

17. Energy Intensity of Selected Energy-Intensive Products (1990-2004)

18. National mid to long-term energy conservation plan (issued in Nov. 2004) • To reduce energy intensity from 2.68 tce in 2002(1990 price) to 2.25 tce/10000 yuan by 2010, energy saving rate 2.2% per year, and further to 1.54 tce/10000 yuan by 2020, energy saving rate 3% per year; • Specific energy saving targets for • main energy intensive products • main energy-consuming equipment • Energy management system • Priority sectors • Industry, transport, buildings for commercial and residential use

19. Selected Key Energy Saving Projects Oil saving and alternatives Waste heat recycling These projects will produce 240 Mtce energy savings potentials. Government energy saving Green Lighting CHP Monitoring and technical service

20. The 11th Five-year Plan (2006-2010) • Plan to reduce energy intensity 20% below 2005 level by 2010; • Controlling CO2 emissions is for the first time specified as one of the tasks for the country over the next 5 years.

21. Top 1000 Program • To monitor and guide 1010 large energy users selected from 9 sectors for energy efficiency improvement • in 2004, each of them consumed over 0.18 Mtce and consumed 670 Mtce in total, 48% of industrial and 34% of the primary energy consumption in China. • Series PAMs are under considerations including providing economic incentives

22. Over 60,000 small scale hydropower stations in rural area 26 windfarms, 375MWe in 2000 Eco-building design and demonstration Renewables development and nuclear power • Law of Renewable Energy issued in Jan. 2005 • Plan to increase the share of renewables in energy mix from the current 7% to 10% by 2010 and to 15% by 2020. • Nuclear power is also an option, expected to reach 4% of electricity generation by 2025.

23. A nation wide comprehensive campaign:building a resource-efficient and environment-friendly society • Multi-stakeholders Participation • Government, taking a leading role • Industry: great potentials to be achieved • NGOs: initiating projects advocating conservation • Individuals: taking actions in daily life and exchanging experiences • The media: raising public awareness

24. NGOs: 26℃ Energy Saving Action for Air Conditioner

25. 3R- Reduction, Reuse and Recycling One-off consumables in hotel over-packed moon cake waste Food

26. Clean Development Fund (CDF)-the first carbon-driven fund in China • Sources: charges on CERs from CDM projects, particularly HFC-23 projects 65% to be charged; • Objectives: helping national wide actions to address climate change including, • research and training for capacity building • Mitigation & Adaptation • Facilitating preparation of CDM project;

27. A long way to go… • International cooperation is of great importance to integrate climate change concerns into sustainable development strategy • Capital assistance • Technology transfer and cooperation • Institutional capacity building, including policy instruments, perception, etc.

28. Implications of irreversibility of large investment and infrastructure construction

29. Thank you !