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Pesticides

Pesticides. Let’s look at the reading guide…. What questions do you have??? Pros and Cons… Pesticide Treadmill Circle of Poison. Pesticides – Let‘s Practice. An integrated pest-management approach to pest control emphasizes which of the following? Eradication of the pest population

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Pesticides

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  1. Pesticides • Let’s look at the reading guide…. What questions do you have??? • Pros and Cons… • Pesticide Treadmill • Circle of Poison

  2. Pesticides – Let‘s Practice • An integrated pest-management approach to pest control emphasizes which of the following? • Eradication of the pest population • Reliance on spraying broad-spectrum pesticides • Reduction of crop damage to an economically tolerable level • Use of plant monocultures to simplify spraying • Elimination of the use of second-generation pesticides.

  3. Pesticides – Let’s Practice 2. An insect population in an agriculture field is affected by monthly applications of a pesticide but soon begins to increase in population. A likely cause of the overall increase in the insect population over time is • An increase in the population of insect predators • An increase in average temperature over the summer • An increase in soil salinity • The survival of increase ing numbers of resistant insects.

  4. Pesticides – Let’s Practice 3. Which of the following practices is consistent with the production of organic crops according to the U. S. Department of Agriculture? • Using sodium nitrate as a fertilizer on green leafy vegetables. • Using strychnine to prevent buildup of aphid population s in field crops • Using chemicals known as pheromones to disrupt insect mating cycles • Using genetically modified plant varieties that kill insects that chew their leaves.

  5. Pesticides – Let’s Practice 4. Although the use of DDT was banned in the United States in 1972, a test of the body tissue of an average U.S. resident today would most likely reveal the presence of DDT because • DDT is the breakdown product of some newer pesticides on the market • DDT is water soluble • Other countries that export produce to the U.S. still use DDT • Many farmers in the U.S. are still using DDT illegally.

  6. Sewage Treatment • Physical and biological treatment

  7. Thirsty Anyone?

  8. Let’s Practice Which of the following components of a wastewater treatment plant is designed to facilitate the decomposition of organic material by aerobic microorganisms? • Activated –sludge tank • Grit-settling tank • Chlorination tank • Ultraviolet-light array

  9. Solid Waste • Facts to know: • Which country generates the most solid waste per capita? • Which country is second in generating the most solid waste per capita? • Every man, woman, and child in the U.S. produces an average of ______ pounds of solid waste per day. • That corresponds to a total of ________tons of solid waste in the year 2000.

  10. Solid Waste • Describe the plight of the garbage barge and tugboat Break of Dawn. • Describe the plight of the Bahamian ship Khian Sea. • Distinguish between municipal solid waste and non-municipal solid waste. • Which of the two types of solid waste in question #5 is generated most? • List the composition of municipal solid waste and the per cent for each category.

  11. Solid Waste • Identify 4 ways to dispose of solid waste. • What are 4 problems that open dumps have that sanitary landfills do not have to the same extent. • What is leachate? • Describe a sanitary landfill.

  12. Solid Waste • What happens to the waste in a state that has more solid waste than it can handle? • What are factors that determine the location of an “ideal” sanitary landfill. • List AND explain four problems with sanitary landfills. • What is NIMBY? • How long does a sanitary landfill have to be monitored after it is closed? • What are two materials that represent special problems for sanitary landfills.

  13. Solid Waste • What is photodegradable? • What is biodegradable • Give two positive things that are accomplished with solid waste is incinerated (burned). • What is a waste–to-energy incinerator? • Why should batteries, thermostats, and fluorescent lights be removed before burning?

  14. Solid Waste • What are the pros and cons of burning paper? • What are the pros and cons of burning plastics? • What are the pros of burning tires? • What type of air pollutants do incinerators possibly produce?

  15. HAZADORUSWASTE!!!! Love’s Canal • Landfill near Niagara Falls, NY • Hooker Chemicals and Plastics Corporation put wastes in abandoned canal, covered it, deeded 16 acres to Niagara Falls Board of Education in 1953. • Elementary school built on site; houses built around school • 1976—chemicals leaking into basements • Environmental emergency declared in 1978 • State and federal gov’ts bought >500 contaminated houses in 1980; 1989 people began to return

  16. HAZADORUS WASTE!!!! • Hazardous (toxic waste) – any discarded chemical that threatens human health or the environment • 1% of the solid waste in the U.S. • May be solids, liquids, or gases • Includes chemical that are dangerously reactive, corrosive, explosive or toxic ---- more 700,00 different chemicals are known to exist • Only 7% of the 3,000 chemicals used in large quantities have been tested for health and environmental effects • The greatest threat to human health from toxic waste sites comes from drinking water laced with toxic contaminants. • Table 23.1 --examples

  17. HAZADORUS WASTE!!!! • Dioxins • What are they? • Human sources? • Natural sources? • How are they transferred? • Effects?

  18. HAZADORUS WASTE!!!! • PCB’s • What are they? • Uses? • Effects? • Properties that make them useful in industry? • How are they transferred? • They have been banned by the EPA. Why are they still a problem? • How can they be destroyed? List 3 ways.

  19. HAZADORUS WASTE!!!! • Management of Hazardous Waste • Emergency Response Notification System (ERNS) • Principle of inherent safety – industrial processes are redesigned to involve less toxic material so that dangerous accidents are prevented • Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)

  20. HAZADORUS WASTE!!!! • Instructs EPA to identify which is hazardous and to provide guidelines and standards to states for hazardous waste management programs. • Bans hazardous waste from land disposal unless it has been treated to meet EPA’s standards of reduced toxicity.

  21. HAZADORUS WASTE!!!! • Comprehensive Environmental Response. Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) • Commonly known as the Superfund Act • Established a program to tackle the huge challenge of cleaning up abandoned and illegal toxic waste sites across the United States.

  22. HAZADORUS WASTE!!!! • A piece of industrial or commercial property that is abandoned or underused and often environmentally contaminated, and could be considered as a potential site for redevelopment is know as a brownfield. • Estimates run as high as 400,000 seriously contaminated sites in the United States, not counting military bases and nuclear weapons facilities.

  23. HAZADORUS WASTE!!!! • Superfund National Priorities List – sites that pose the greatest threat to public health. • Of the 1400 sites on the Superfund National Priority List, only about 250 have been clean up and 656 other sites have been partially cleaned up. • There is urgency to clean up these sites because of the growth of cities in rural dump sites. • Federal government, current land owners, prior owners, anyone who has dumped waste on the site, and anyone who has transported waste to a particular site share in the cost.

  24. HAZADORUS WASTE!!!! • Bioremediation – the use of bacteria and other microorganisms to break down hazardous waste • Phytoremediation – the use of plants to absorb and accumulate toxic material from the soil. • Three keys ways to manage current toxic waste • source reduction • environmental chemistry – green chemistry • conversion to less hazardous materials • using high heat • long-term storage • uses several layers of clay and high density plastic liners at the bottom of the landfill

  25. HAZADORUS WASTE!!!! • International waste management • hazardous waste is transported to developing countries. • Basel Convention (1992)– formed to restrict the international transport of hazardous waste. • Integrated waste management – The 3 “R” • Reduce, Reuse, Recycle • Throw- away society • high input society • voluntary simplicity

  26. Let’s Practice 1.Most municipal solid waste in the United States is disposed of in • The oceans • Sanitary landfills • Open dumps • Abandoned mines

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