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CHAPTER 28 THE COLD WAR

Chapter 28 explores the aftermath of WWII, focusing on the healing processes in Germany and Japan under occupation. The Potsdam Conference set the stage for the division of Germany into East and West, with joint Allied occupation aimed at rebuilding and democratizing. In Japan, MacArthur's leadership initiated significant reforms, including a new constitution that established democracy. The chapter also discusses the Nuremberg and Tokyo trials, which held leaders accountable for war crimes, and the founding of the United Nations as a new international framework for peace and security.

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CHAPTER 28 THE COLD WAR

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  1. CHAPTER 28 THE COLD WAR Section 1 Healing the Wounds of War

  2. Occupation Rule • Germany and Japan practically destroyed • Potsdam Conference – July-August 1945 • Truman’s first meeting with Stalin and Churchill • What was decided? Joint occupation of Germany by US, GB, France and USSR

  3. Occupation Rule • Soviets get poorer, more rural eastern part • Allies get to split industrialized western part • Also divided Austria and city of Berlin into 4 zones • Stabilizing Germany – Agreed to crush Nazi party, re-establish local government and rebuild local industries • Source of tension – Soviet expansion in Eastern Europe

  4. Occupation Rule • Japanese Occupation (1945-1952) • MacArthur’s in charge – demobilized several million troops and adopted a new democratic constitution • Emperor Hirohito remained in a ceremonial role

  5. Occupation Rule • New constitution gave voting rights to women, granted freedom of religion and prevented Japan from ever again becoming a military power • Other important reforms included breaking up the zaibatsu, huge corporations run by families • End result – reforms laid groundwork for Japan’s postwar transformation into an economic power

  6. War Crimes Trials • Potsdam – Allied leaders agreed that “stern justice shall be [given] out to all war criminals, including those who have visited cruelties upon our prisoners” • Nuremberg Trials • Why Nuremberg? Former rallying place for Nazi Party • Began in November 1945, first verdicts issued Sept. ‘46

  7. War Crimes Trials • International military court • Result – 12 Nazi leaders sentenced to death, seven sent to jail and three were acquitted • Other result – some Nazis escaped to Latin America or hid their identities

  8. War Crimes Trials • Tokyo trials (May 1946-November 1948) • Set up by MacArthur, tried more than 20 Japanese military leaders • Result – Seven people including former Prime Minister Hideki Tojo sentenced to death, others given life in prison

  9. War Crimes Trials • Chief Lessons of War Crimes Trials – • Countries and individuals can be held accountable for actions during war • Set important standards for international law and conduct of war

  10. United Nations • Founding of the UN • Delegates from over 50 countries met in San Francisco in April 1945 to draw up charter • General Assembly – includes all member nations

  11. United Nations • Security Council – Addresses military and political problems • 5 permanent members – US, USSR/Russia, Great Britain, France and China • 10 members serve two-year terms • End 2013: Azerbaijan, Guatemala, Morocco, Pakistan, Togo • End 2014: Argentina, Australia, Luxembourg, S. Korea, Rwanda • Powers of the Security Council • 9 votes or 1 permanent member can veto any resolution passed by G.A.

  12. United Nations • Current Secretary-General – Ban Ki-moon of South Korea • Eleanor Roosevelt one of first U.S. delegates, helped create declaration of human rights • Debate – critics argued UN was doomed to fail because of lack of enforcement power • Most Americans including Truman were optimistic

  13. Founding of Israel • What was Palestine? – • Middle East region claimed by Jews and Arabs but controlled by Great Britain since end of World War I • What happened? • Many Jews moved to Palestine after World War II

  14. Founding of Israel • Britain asked UN to get involved • UN Plan – create two countries, one for Jews and one for Arabs – rejected by Arabs • Zionism (led by David Ben-Gurion) – movement seeking Jewish homeland in Palestine • British withdrawal – Zionist leaders announce creation of Israel as an independent nation in 1948

  15. Founding of Israel • Arab-Israeli War • What happened? Arabs refuse to recognize Israel and immediately declared war • Result of war – Outnumbered Israeli army captured and held much of Palestine • American Jewish community provided financial support to supply and build Israeli military

  16. Founding of Israel • First cease-fire fell apart when negotiator was assassinated • Second cease-fire – Israel got more land, Jerusalem into split Arab and Israeli zones, Egypt got the Gaza Strip and Jordan controlled the West Bank • End result – Arab countries still refused to recognize Israel, fate of Palestinians in Israel left unresolved as well

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