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Chapter 28, Section 1: The Cold War Begins

Chapter 28, Section 1: The Cold War Begins. Main Idea: After WWII, distrust between the US & USSR led to the Cold War. The Cold War [1945-1991]: An Ideological Struggle. Soviet & Eastern Bloc Nations. US & the Western Democracies. GOAL  spread world-wide Communism.

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Chapter 28, Section 1: The Cold War Begins

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  1. Chapter 28, Section 1: The Cold War Begins Main Idea: After WWII, distrust between the US & USSR led to the Cold War.

  2. The Cold War [1945-1991]: An Ideological Struggle Soviet & Eastern Bloc Nations US & the Western Democracies GOAL spread world-wide Communism GOAL “Containment” of Communism • METHODOLOGIES: • Espionage [KGB vs. CIA] • Arms Race [nuclear escalation] & Space Race • Competition for Third World peoples [Communist govt. vs. democratic govt.]  “proxy wars” • Division of Europe [“Iron Curtain”: NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]

  3. A. Origins of the Cold War Cold War – a state of tension between nations w/out actual fighting; an uneasy peace marked by constant tension US & USSR were allies during WWII, but after the war they become bitter rivals (distrust) The Soviets drove the Germans through Eastern Europe, then left their troops there after the war. These nations (8) become “satellite nations” with communist governments controlled by the USSR. These countries were behind the “iron curtain.”

  4. The Beginning of the Cold War

  5. B. The U.S. Responds • US policy toward communism is called containment – keep communism from spreading beyond its borders • Truman Doctrine– US pledged to help nations threatened by communist expansion (successful in Greece & Turkey) • Marshall Plan– rebuilt European economies damaged by WWII, so that they would not turn to communism as an answer to their problems. (If it ain’t broke, don’t fix it!)

  6. * The U.S. gave over $12 billion in aid to European countries between 1948 and 1952, helping to improve their economies and lessen the chance of communist revolutions.

  7. Step on it, Doc! Marshall Plan

  8. C. Crisis Over Berlin • After WWII, Germany was divided into 4 zones occupied by US, Britain, France & USSR. Berlin was also divided, but was located in Soviet zone. • 3 zones combined to form W. Germany (democ.); Soviet zone becomes E. Germany (comm.) • Stalin closes all land routes to W. Berlin, cutting it off from the rest of the world so that the USSR could take it over. • The Berlin Airlift– for almost a year, US flies supplies into W. Berlin to keep it running. Stalin reopens routes (big psychological victory for US)

  9. Occupation zones after 1945. Berlin is the multinational area within the Soviet zone. In June of 1948, the French, British and American zones were joined into the nation of West Germany after the Soviets refused to end their occupation of Germany.

  10. The Division of Germany:1945 -1990 Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1948-49)

  11. C. (continued) • Berlin Wall– Soviets build a wall across the city of Berlin in Aug. 1961 to prevent East Germans from fleeing to West Berlin, and then West Germany (embarrassing). Will stay up until 1989. • Soviets send troops & tanks to Czechoslovakia in 1968 to end proposals of freedom there.

  12. The Berlin Wall Goes Up (1961) Ich bin ein Berliner! (1963) President Kennedy tells Berliners that the West is with them!

  13. D. New Alliances • United Nations (1945) – new international peacekeeping organization (51 original members); General Assembly & Security Council; Most successful in fighting hunger & disease & improving education • Opposing Alliances: • NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Org.-1949) – made up of democratic countries • Warsaw Pact (1955) – made up of communist countries (USSR & satellite nations)

  14. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949) Warsaw Pact (1955) • United States • Belgium • Britain • Canada • Denmark • France • Iceland • Italy • Luxemburg • Netherlands • Norway • Portugal • 1952: Greece & Turkey • 1955: West Germany • U. S. S. R. • Albania • Bulgaria • Czechoslovakia • East Germany • Hungary • Poland • Rumania

  15. The Bipolarization of Europe

  16. E. 1949: Year of Shocks USSR tests an atomic bomb in September. US is no longer only country with atomic weapons (we lose upper hand - Did spies help?) Mao Zedong led Chinese communists to victory over Chiang Kai-shek (backed by US) in Chinese civil war His victory meant that the largest nation in Asia was now communist. Along w/ the USSR, they made up ¼ of land on Earth. This contributes heavily to Americans’ fears of communist revolutions in other places. Chinese poster saying: "Chairman Mao is the Red sun of our hearts."

  17. Growing Interest in China • People’s Republic of China: • In the 1940’s, China was embroiled in a civil war. Nationalists Led by Chiang Kai-shek Communists Led by Mao Zedong

  18. The U.S. gave the Chiang Kai-shek millions of dollars, but the communists won the war. China became a communist country, and Chiang Kai-shek and his forces fled to Taiwan.

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