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Symposium Ethics and Robotics

Symposium Ethics and Robotics. University of Tsukuba Japan October 3, 2009. Ethics and Robotics An Intercultural Perspective. Rafael Capurro Steinbeis Transfer Institute – Information Ethics http://sti-ie.de Germany Last update: July 13, 2009. Content. Introduction

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Symposium Ethics and Robotics

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  1. SymposiumEthics and Robotics University of Tsukuba Japan October 3, 2009

  2. Ethics and RoboticsAn Intercultural Perspective Rafael Capurro Steinbeis Transfer Institute – Information Ethics http://sti-ie.de Germany Last update: July 13, 2009

  3. R. Capurro: Ethics and Robotics

  4. Content • Introduction • EU Project ETHICBOTS (2005-2008) http://ethicbots.na.infn.it/index.php • Wallach & Allen on Moral Machines • Isaac Asimov Three Laws of Robotics • Korean Robot Ethics Charter • European Robotics Research Network (EURON) • Roboethics • AAAI 2005 Symposium on Machine Ethics • Workshop on Roboethics, ICRA 2009, Kobe, May 2009 • ECAP (European Computing and Philosophy) 2007 • SPT (Society for Philosophy and Technology) 2009 • Machine Ethics Consortium • AP-CAP 2009 • Being-in-the-world with robots R. Capurro: Ethics and Robotics

  5. Introduction “Ethics and robotics are two academic disciplines, one dealing with the moral norms and values underlying implicitly or explicitly human behaviour and the other aiming at the production of artificial agents, mostly as physical devices, with some degree of autonomy based on rules and programmes set up by their creators.” (Capurro/Nagenborg 2009) R. Capurro: Ethics and Robotics

  6. Introduction “Since the first robots arrived on the stage in the play by Karel Čapek (1921) visions of a world inhabited by humans and robots gave rise to countless utopian and dystopian stories, songs, movies, and video games.” (Capurro/Nagenborg 2009) R. Capurro: Ethics and Robotics

  7. Karel Capek: R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots) (1922) R. Capurro: Ethics and Robotics

  8. Introduction “Robots are and will remain in the foreseeable future dependent on human ethical scrutiny as well as on the moral and legal responsibility of humans.” (Capurro/Nagenborg 2009) R. Capurro: Ethics and Robotics

  9. Introduction “Human-robot interaction raises serious ethical questions right now that are theoretically less ambitious but practically more important than the possibility of the creation of moral machines that would be more than machines with an ethical code.” (Capurro/Nagenborg 2009) R. Capurro: Ethics and Robotics

  10. ETHICBOTS EU Project ETHICBOTS on “Emerging Technoethics of Human Interaction with Communication, Bionic and Robotic Systems” (2005-2008). The project aimed at identifying crucial ethical issues in these areas such as • the preservation of human identity, and integrity; • applications of precautionary principles; • economic and social discrimination; • artificial system autonomy and accountability; • responsibilities for (possibly unintended) warfare applications; • nature and impact of human-machine cognitive and affective bonds on individuals and society. R. Capurro: Ethics and Robotics

  11. R. Capurro: Ethics and Robotics

  12. ETHICBOTS Following issues were analyzed: • (a) Human-softbot integration, as achieved by AI research on information and communication technologies; • (b) Human-robot, non-invasive integration, as achieved by robotic research on autonomous systems inhabiting human environments; • (c) Physical, invasive integration, as achieved by bionic research. R. Capurro: Ethics and Robotics

  13. ETHICBOTS R. Capurro: Ethics and Robotics

  14. Ethics and Robotics R. Capurro and M. Nagenborg (Eds.): Ethics and Robotics. Heidelberg: Akad.Verlagsgesellschaft 2009 (ISBN 978-3-89838-087-4 (AKA) and 978-1-60750-008-7 (IOS Press) P. M. Asaro: What should We Want from a Robot Ethic? G. Tamburrini: Robot Ethics: A View from the Philosophy of Science B. Becker: Social Robots - Emotional Agents: Some Remarks on Naturalizing Man-machine Interaction E. Datteri, G. Tamburrini: Ethical Reflections on Health Care Robotics P. Lin, G. Bekey, K. Abney: Robots in War: Issues of Risk and Ethics J. Altmann: Preventive Arms Control for Uninhabited Military Vehicles J. Weber: Robotic warfare, Human Rights & The Rhetorics of Ethical Machines T. Nishida: Towards Robots with Good Will R. Capurro: Ethics and Robotics R. Capurro: Ethics and Robotics

  15. Wallach & Allen on Moral Machines http://moralmachines.blogspot.com/ (Oxford Univ. Press 2009) R. Capurro: Ethics and Robotics

  16. Wallach & Allenhttp://moralmachines.blogspot.com/ (Oxford Univ. Press 2009) „Three questions emerge naturally from the discussion so far. Does the world need AMAs? Do people want computers making moral decisions? And if people believe that computers making moral decisions are necessary or inevitable, how should engineers and philosophers proceed to design AMAs?“(Introd.) R. Capurro: Ethics and Robotics

  17. Wallach & Allenhttp://moralmachines.blogspot.com/ (Oxford Univ. Press 2009) • „We take the instrumental approach that while full-blown moral agency may be beyond the current or future technology, there is nevertheless much space between operational morality and “genuine” moral agency. This is the niche we identified as functional morality in chapter 2.“(Introd.) R. Capurro: Ethics and Robotics

  18. Wallach & Allenhttp://moralmachines.blogspot.com/ (Oxford Univ. Press 2009) „The top-down and bottom-up approaches emphasize the importance in ethics of the ability to reason. However, much of the recent empirical literature on moral psychology emphasizes faculties besides rationality. R. Capurro: Ethics and Robotics

  19. Wallach & Allenhttp://moralmachines.blogspot.com/ (Oxford Univ. Press 2009) Emotions, sociability, semantic understanding, and consciousness are all important to human moral decision making, but it remains an open question whether these will be essential to AMAs, and if so, whether they can be implemented in machines.“ (Introd.) R. Capurro: Ethics and Robotics

  20. Wallach & Allenhttp://moralmachines.blogspot.com/ (Oxford Univ. Press 2009) „The field of machine morality extends the field of computer ethics beyond concern for what people do with their computers to questions about what the machines do by themselves. (In this book we will use the terms ethics and morality interchangeably.) We are discussing the technological issues involved in making computers themselves into explicit moral reasoners.“ (Introd.) R. Capurro: Ethics and Robotics

  21. Isaac Asimov: Three Laws of Robotics (1940) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Laws_of_Robotics • A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm • A robot must obey orders given it by human beings except where such orders would conflict with the First Law • A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law R. Capurro: Ethics and Robotics

  22. Superman-mechanical-monsterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Superman-mechanical-monster.jpgSuperman-mechanical-monsterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Superman-mechanical-monster.jpg R. Capurro: Ethics and Robotics

  23. Korean Robot Ethics CharterSee: Shim (2007) R. Capurro: Ethics and Robotics

  24. European Robotics Research Network (EURON)http://www.euron.org/ R. Capurro: Ethics and Robotics

  25. EURON: Roboethics Atelier R. Capurro: Ethics and Robotics

  26. ROBOETHICShttp://www.roboethics.org/ R. Capurro: Ethics and Robotics

  27. EURON Roboethics Roadmap Roboethics (this term was coined in 2002 by G. Veruggio) taxonomy: • Humanoids • Advanced production systems • Adaptive robot servants and intelligent homes • Network Robotics • Outdoor Robotics • Health Care and Life Quality • Military Robotics • Edutainment See: http://www.roboethics.org/atelier2006/docs/ROBOETHICS%20ROADMAP%20Rel2.1.1.pdf R. Capurro: Ethics and Robotics

  28. EURON Roboethics Roadmap Ethical issues shared by Roboethics and Information Ethics: • Dual-use technology • Anthropomorphization of the Machines • Humanisation of the Human/Machine relationship • Technology Addiction • Digital Divide • Fair Access to technological resources • Effects of technology on the global distribution of wealth and power • Environmental impact of technology See:http://www.roboethics.org/atelier2006/docs/ROBOETHICS%20ROADMAP%20Rel2.1.1.pdf R. Capurro: Ethics and Robotics

  29. EURON Roboethics Roadmap Principles to be followed in roboethics • Human dignity and human rights • Equality, justice and equity • Benefit and harm • Respect for cultural diversity and pluralism • Non-Discrimination and non-stigmatization • Autonomy and individual responsibility • Informed consent • Privacy • Confidentiality • Solidarity and cooperation • Social responsibility • Sharing of benefits • Responsibility towards the biosphere See: http://www.roboethics.org/atelier2006/docs/ROBOETHICS%20ROADMAP%20Rel2.1.1.pdf R. Capurro: Ethics and Robotics

  30. AAI 2005 Symposium on Machine Ethics AAAI Fall 2005 Symposium on Machine EthicsNovember 3-6, 2005 Hyatt Regency Crystal CityArlington, Virginia R. Capurro: Ethics and Robotics

  31. AAAI 2005 Symposium on Machine Ethics Past research concerning the relationship between technology and ethics has largely focused on responsible and irresponsible use of technology by human beings, with a few people being interested in how human beings ought to treat machines. In all cases, only human beings have engaged in ethical reasoning. The time has come for adding an ethical dimension to at least some machines. R. Capurro: Ethics and Robotics

  32. AAAI 2005 Symposium on Machine Ethics Recognition of the ethical ramifications of behavior involving machines, as well as recent and potential developments in machine autonomy, necessitates this. In contrast to computer hacking, software property issues, privacy issues and other topics normally ascribed to computer ethics, machine ethics is concerned with the behavior of machines towards human users and other machines. R. Capurro: Ethics and Robotics

  33. AAAI 2005 Symposium on Machine Ethics We contend that research in machine ethics is key to alleviating concerns with autonomous systems—it could be argued that the notion of autonomous machines without such a dimension is at the root of all fear concerning machine intelligence. R. Capurro: Ethics and Robotics

  34. AAAI 2005 Symposium on Machine Ethics Further, investigation of machine ethics could enable the discovery of problems with current ethical theories, advancing our thinking about ethics. We intend to bring together interested participants from a wide variety of disciplines to the end of forging a set of common goals for machine ethics investigation and the research agendas required to accomplish them. R. Capurro: Ethics and Robotics

  35. AAAI 2005 Symposium on Machine Ethics Topics of interest include, but are not restricted to the following: • Improvement of interaction between artificially and naturally intelligent systems through the addition of an ethical dimension to artificially intelligent systems • Enhancement of machine-machine communication and cooperation through an ethical dimension R. Capurro: Ethics and Robotics

  36. AAAI 2005 Symposium on Machine Ethics • Design of systems that provide expert guidance in ethical matters • Deeper understanding of ethical theories through computational simulation • Development of decision procedures for ethical theories that have multiple prima facie duties • Computability of ethics • Theoretical and practical objections to machine ethics • Impact of machine ethics on society R. Capurro: Ethics and Robotics

  37. Workshop on RoboethicsICRA 2009, Kobe, May 2009 R. Capurro: Ethics and Robotics

  38. Workshop on RoboethicsICRA 2009, Kobe, May 2009 Topics (CfP): • Social (Robotics and job market; Cost benefit analysis etc.) • Psychological (Robots and kids; Robots and elderly, etc.) • Legal (Robots and liability, Identification of autonomously acting robots etc.) • Medical (Robots in health care and prosthesis etc.) • Warfare application of robotics (Responsibility, International Conventiuons and Laws etc.) • Environment (Cleaning nuclear and toxic waste, Using renewable energies, etc.) R. Capurro: Ethics and Robotics

  39. ECAP 07http://www.roboethics.org/ecap2007/programme.html European Computing and Philosophy Conference, Enschede, The Netherlands, 2007: Philosophy and Ethics of Robotics • G. Veruggio: Roboethics: an interdisciplinary approach to the social implications of Robotics • Ishii Kayoko: Can a Robot Intentionally Conduct Mutual Interactions with Human Being? • Ronald C. Arkin: On the Ethical Quandaries of Practicing Roboticist: A First Hand Look R. Capurro: Ethics and Robotics

  40. ECAP 07http://www.roboethics.org/ecap2007/programme.html • Jutta Weber: Analysing Material, Semiotic and Socio-Political Dimensions of Artificial Agents • Daniel Persson: Ethics of Intelligent Systems – Artefacts, Producers and Users • Merel Noorman: Exploring the Limits to the Autonomy of Artificial Agents • Susana Nascimento: Autonomous Anthropomorphisms: Robot Narratives and Critical Social Theries • Peter Asaro: How Just Could A Robot War Be? • Edward H. Spence: Robot Rights: The Moral Life of Androids R. Capurro: Ethics and Robotics

  41. Society for Philosophy and Technology (SPT), 2009 (Track 10)http://www.utwente.nl/ceptes/spt2009/ • Mark Coeckelbergh: Living with Robots • Aimee van Wynsberghe: What Care Robots say about Care • Susana Nascimento: Self-operating Machines and (Dis)engagement in Human Technical Actions • Allan Hanson: Beyond the Skin Bag: On the Moral Responsibility of Extended Agencies • Scott Sehon: Robots and Free will R. Capurro: Ethics and Robotics

  42. Society for Philosophy and Technology (SPT), 2009 • Peter Asaro: The Convergence of Video Games & Military Robotics • Martinjntje Smits: Social Robots: How to bridge the Gap Between Fantasies and Practices? • Helena De Preester: The (Im)possibilities of Reembodiment • Guido Nicolosi: Restless Creatures • Gianmarco Veruggio: Ethical, Legal and Societal Issues in the Strategic Agenda for Robotics in Europe R. Capurro: Ethics and Robotics

  43. Machine Ethics Consortiumhttp://uhaweb.hartford.edu/anderson/machineethicsconsortium.html R. Capurro: Ethics and Robotics

  44. Machine Ethics Consortiumhttp://uhaweb.hartford.edu/anderson/machineethicsconsortium.html About Machine Ethics Consortium Machine Ethics is concerned with the behavior of machines towards human users and other machines. Allowing machine intelligence to effect change in the world can be dangerous without some restraint. Machine Ethics involves adding an ethical dimension to machines to achieve this restraint. Further, machine intelligence can be harnessed to develop and test the very theory needed to build machines that will be ethically sensitive. Thus, machine ethics has the additional benefits of assisting human beings in ethical decision-making and, more generally, advancing the development of ethical theory. R. Capurro: Ethics and Robotics

  45. Machine Ethics Consortiumhttp://uhaweb.hartford.edu/anderson/machineethicsconsortium.html Projects EthEl: An Ethical Eldercare System Eldercare is a domain where we believe that, with proper ethical considerations incorporated, machine intelligence can be harnessed to aid an increasingly aging human population, with an expectation of a shortage of human caretakers in the future. R. Capurro: Ethics and Robotics

  46. Machine Ethics Consortiumhttp://uhaweb.hartford.edu/anderson/machineethicsconsortium.html We believe, further, that this domain is rich enough in which to explore most issues involved in general ethical decision-making for both machines and human beings.  EthEl (ETHical ELdercare system) is a prototype system in the domain of eldercare that takes ethical concerns into consideration when reminding a patient to take his/her medication. R. Capurro: Ethics and Robotics

  47. Machine Ethics Consortiumhttp://uhaweb.hartford.edu/anderson/machineethicsconsortium.html EthEl must decide when to accept a patient’s refusal to take a medication that might prevent harm and/or provide benefit to the patient and when to notify the overseer.  There is a further ethical dimension that is implicitly addressed by the system: In not notifying the overseer – most likely a doctor – until absolutely necessary, the doctor will be able to spend more time with other patients who could be benefited, or avoid harm, as a result of the doctor’s attending to their medical needs. R. Capurro: Ethics and Robotics

  48. Machine Ethics Consortiumhttp://uhaweb.hartford.edu/anderson/machineethicsconsortium.html We believe that EthEl is the first system to use an explicit ethical principle to guide its actions. • Dr. Michael AndersonDepartment of Computer ScienceUniversity of HartfordWest Hartford, CT 06117 • Dr. Susan Leigh AndersonDepartment of PhilosophyUniversity of ConnecticutStamford, CT 06901 R. Capurro: Ethics and Robotics

  49. Machine Ethics Consortiumhttp://uhaweb.hartford.edu/anderson/machineethicsconsortium.html Implementing Ethical Advisors In order to add an ethical dimension to machines, we need to have an ethical theory that can be implemented. Looking to Philosophy for guidance, we find that ethical decision-making is not an easy task. It requires finding a single principle or set of principles to guide our behavior with which experts in Ethics are satisfied and will likely involve generalizing from intuitions about particular cases, testing those generalizations on other cases and, above all, making sure that principles generated are consistent with one another. R. Capurro: Ethics and Robotics

  50. Machine Ethics Consortiumhttp://uhaweb.hartford.edu/anderson/machineethicsconsortium.html We are developing prototype systems based upon action-based ethical theories that provide guidance in ethical decision-making according to the precepts of their respective theories— Jeremy , based upon Bentham's Hedonistic Act Utilitarianism, W.D., based upon Ross' Theory of Prima Facie Duties, and MedEthEx, based upon Beauchamp's and Childress' Principles of Biomedical Ethics.  MedEthEx (see online demo) uses an ethical principle discovered via machine learning techniques to give advice in a particular type of ethical dilemma in medical ethics. Dr. Michael AndersonPeter LarsonDepartment of Computer ScienceUniversity of HartfordWest Hartford, CT 06117 R. Capurro: Ethics and Robotics

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