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Death Camps

Death Camps. In Poland Auschwitz- Birkenau , Belzec , Chalmno , Majdanek , Sobibor & Treblinka Death organized in an industrial fashion Populations throughout Europe transported like animals in wagon cars Apt workers separated from the weak who are killed in gas chambers

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Death Camps

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  1. Death Camps • In Poland • Auschwitz-Birkenau, Belzec, Chalmno, Majdanek, Sobibor & Treblinka • Death organized in an industrial fashion • Populations throughout Europe transported like animals in wagon cars • Apt workers separated from the weak who are killed in gas chambers • Bodies burned or buried in communal graves • Detainees used as guinea pigs for medical experiments under authority of doctors like Josef Mengele in Auschwitz

  2. Outcome • 10 million people killed from Nazi extermination policy • Jewish victims the most numerous: • 5.1 – 5.8 million deaths • Half Jewish population in 1939 • Gypsies suffer 240,000 deaths (1/3 population) • Regions Unevenly affected • Extermination more systematic in the East • The Polish Jewish population decreased by 89% between 1939 and 1945

  3. Local Reactions to Nazi Extermination Policy • Occupied territories of Nazi Germany reacted differently • Local governments and civilian populations cooperated differently depending on the country • Resistance of Danish & Swedish authorities and populations saved Jewish population of the country • French collaboration (state and people) led to extermination of 28% of Jewish population • Opposition of Finnish and Bulgarian governments (Nazi allies) led to end of deporting their Jewish citizens to extermination camps • Video: To Live and Die with Honor Warsaw Ghetto Uprising (4’45) • Video: Holocaust Survivor Barbara Steiner

  4. Key Conferences during the War • Tehran conference 1943 • First meeting of the Big 3: Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin • Stalin wanted control of Eastern Europe and a divided Germany • Churchill wanted a free Eastern Europe & a strong Germany • FDR plays mediator

  5. Yalta Conference 1945 • Big Three meet again • Discuss plans for postwar Europe • Stalin agrees to free elections in E. Europe • Division of Germany into 4 zones

  6. Potsdam Conference 1945 • Truman President after FDR’s death • Demand unconditional surrender of Japan • Threaten to use atomic weapon

  7. Operation Overlord – The Normandy Invasion D-Day, the Allied invasion of France on June 6, 1944, was the largest amphibious operation in history.

  8. August 26, 1944 France is Liberated, Charles de Gaulle triumphant

  9. Interactive Map of Key Military Stages of WWII

  10. Atomic Bomb • Manhattan project • Headed by J. Robert Oppenheimer • Trinity Test • July 16, 1945 • 1st explosion of atomic bomb in history • Hiroshima & Nagasaki • August 6 & 9, 1945 • Hundreds of thousands of casualties from explosion and from related injuries • As many or more die later from radiation • Why did the US use the bomb on Japan? • To save American lives (prevent a mainland invasion) • To show US power to Soviet Union • Revenge for Pearl Harbor • Belief that Japanese would fight to the last man

  11. Costs and consequences of War

  12. These figures show the deaths suffered by individual nations as a percentage of total Allies and Axis losses

  13. Economic Costs US 2.8 Trillion Germany 2.1 Trillion France 1.1 Trillion Russia 930 Billion Great Britain 497 Billion Japan 412 Billion Amounts in 2007 U.S. Dollars $1 in 1945 = $10 in 2007

  14. Nuremberg Trials 1945-1949 After the war, Nazi criminals tried by judges from the U.S., France, Great Britain, USSR The initial trial prosecuted top Nazi leaders while 12 other trials investigated a variety of military, governmental, industrial, and professional leaders Severe sentences given to those directly involved in war crimes while others received short sentences or no penalty Testimony of survivors given during the trials helped the world understand the atrocities that occurred during the war

  15. Expulsion of Germans from Eastern Europe 1945-1950 • At Potsdam Conference, a consensus reached that stability in Europe would best be achieved by moving German populations scattered throughout Eastern Europe into Allied occupied Germany • Mass deportations occurred in Sudetenland, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Yugoslavia, Soviet Union, etc. • Estimated numbers vary (no records kept) 12-17 million people • Treatment of refugees varied, many died during journey to Germany or in refugee camps • More refugees relocated to West Germany than to Communist East Germany. Many others left for U.S., Canada, Australia, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Spain

  16. Postwar Germany • De-Nazification of postwar Germany was a major goal. Involved destroying all remnants of Nazi symbols • 1949 British, French and American occupied zones become the Federal Republic of Germany while the Soviet occupied zone becomes the German Democratic Republic but remains a Satellite nation under Soviet control

  17. International Military Tribunal for the Far East • Leaders of Imperialist Japan put on trial for various war crimes committed including the Nanking Massacre • Judges and Prosecutors from ten different nations • Several Defendants including Prime Minister Hideki Tojo were sentenced to death while others spent the rest of their lives in prison

  18. HOMEWORK Study WWI and WWII presentations and reading in preparation for the quiz

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