20.1- Asia

1. 20.1- Asia

2. Japan • After WWII, much of Japan lay in ruins and thousands were homeless • Backed by the US, Japan created a parliamentary democracy and banned any military forces, except for its own defense • Americans also pushed social reforms in Japan, including women’s rights, universal suffrage and education, and protecting workers rights

3. Japan’s Economic Miracle • Between 1950 and 1975, Japan experiencedhuge leaps in its GDP. They created anextremely productive economy based onproduction and manufacturing • Textiles  Steel & Machinery  Technology:cars, cameras, televisions • How did Japan catch up so quickly after WWII? • Highly skilled/educated workers • Spent little on military • Tariffs limited imports Economic powerhouse, military weakling Gross Domestic Product (GDP)- the total value of all goods and services produced by a nation in a year

4. Review- India • After gaining independence from Britain, India was partitioned into two separate countries- India (for the Hindus) and Pakistan (for the Muslims) • As 10 million people migrated to the newly formed countries, around 1 million were killed as a result of massacres committed by both religions

5. Kashmir • Kashmir is a territory in the Himalayas that, because of its centralized location, had the option of joining either Pakistan or India • At the time of the partitioning (1947), Kashmir had a Hindu ruler but a predominately Muslim population. The ruler agreed to join India so long as India protected Kashmir, but Pakistan refuses to acknowledge India’s control because there was no vote. • India and Pakistan have fought 3 wars over Kashmir- in 1947, 1965, and 1999.India has won all 3. Fighting continues today through acts of terrorism. • By 1998, both nations had successfullytested nuclear weapons

6. Modern India • Today, India is the world’s largest (parliamentary) democracy, and has emerged as a major world power. • For 40 years after independence members of the Nehru family were elected as Prime Ministers • Father- Jawaharlal Nehru and daughter- Indira Gandhi • Problems in modern India: • Over 100 languages are spoken • Religious differences between Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs • Though the caste system has been outlawed, its influence still impacts Indian society today • Dalits- people of the lowest caste

7. India’s Economy • India’s economy was a mix of socialism and capitalism, but by the 1980s they began to introduce more free market reforms • 3rd largest economy in Asia, 7th in the world • Economy is beginning to slow, but foreign companies (especially technology services) still invest there, as skilled workers are paid less than their Western counterparts • Despite quick economic growth in some areas, hundreds of millions live in desperate poverty, and there remains a huge rural/urban divide

8. Cambodia • Cambodia is a nation in Southeast Asia that borders Vietnam • During the Vietnam War, the Viet Cong sent supplies to guerilla fighters on supply lines through Cambodia, so the US invaded to stop them • After the US withdrew, a communist guerilla group called the Khmer Rouge established a totalitarian government • Led by Pol Pot, the Khmer Rouge unleashed a brutal reign of terror

9. Cambodian Revolution • Once Pol Pot gained control, he instituted strict communism, eliminated any challenges to his power and started Year Zero • Pol Pot’s goal was to create a self-sufficient agrarian society based on the ideals of Stalin and Mao

10. Year Zero • Who: Khmer Rouge led by Pol Pot • When: April 17, 1975 • Where: Cambodia • What: Khmer Rouge Soldiersevacuate the cities and moveeveryone to the countryside • Why: Pol Pot wanted to restartthe calendar at Year Zero to getrid of the past and past traditions. He eliminated threats to the future by destroying all parts of the past

11. Evacuations • The Khmer Rouge immediately began to evacuate Cambodians from cities, forcing them to move to the countryside to transform Cambodia into a rural society where everyone would work in service of the state.

12. Forced Labor and Collectivization • The Khmer Rouge’s goal was to get rid of all elements of traditional society • To create a classless society, individuality was banned- everyone wore shapeless black clothing, meals were eaten communally, and people were not allowed to show affection for others • Children were often separated from their parents and put in to separate labor brigades

13. Genocide • The Khmer Rouge were particularly cruel to certain groups • The middle class, business people, intellectuals, religious devotees, foreigners, and ethnic minorities were all targeted as enemies • The Khmer Rouge’s plans for expanding agricultural production were incredibly flawed and failed, resulting in thousands of deaths from disease and famine • Pol Pot’s regime slaughtered or caused the death of nearly 2 million Cambodians- a third of the population

14. Killing Fields • Thousands of “undesirable” Cambodians were executed by the Khmer Rouge • Their bodies were dumped into mass graves in farm areas- the “killing fields” • More than 388 sites containing 19,733 mass graves have been identified

15. Ending the Revolution • In early 1979, Vietnam invaded Cambodia to put an end to the Khmer Rouge regime. Pol Pot fled to the Cambodian jungle, where he remained till his death in 1998 • However, the Khmer Rouge continued to launch guerilla attacks against the newly instituted government • Peace was not reached until 1991, when it was agreed that both sides of the conflict would disarm and the constitutional monarchy would be reinstated

16. Effects • The Cambodian Genocide caused the deaths of nearly a third of the estimated population. The first trial for crimes against humanity occurred in 2010. • Cambodian cities were in ruins after being empty for 3+ years • The Khmer Rouge had worked to exterminate the educated groups of society- doctors, lawyers, engineers, teachers- making it even more difficult for the nation to rebuild • Today, Cambodia is one of the most impoverished nations in the world

17. Review At the end of World War II, the British decided to partition the Indian subcontinent into the nations of India and Pakistan. What was a primary reason for this division? • India had adopted a policy of nonalignment. • Religious differences had led to conflicts between Hindus and Muslims. • Most of India’s valuable resources were located in the south. • British India’s Muslim minority controlled most of India’s banking industry.

18. Review Which leader is most closely associated with the use of civil disobedience in a struggle to end colonial rule? • MomarKhadafi • Saddam Hussein • Ho Chi Minh • Mohandas Gandhi

19. Review “Struggle Continues for Control of Kashmir” “Many Hurt in Border Clashes Between Hindus and Muslims” Which nations have been most closely associated with the conflicts in these headlines? • China and India • India and Pakistan • Vietnam and Cambodia • Sri Lanka and Thailand

20. Review The political ideas of Ho Chi Minh, Fidel Castro, and Pol Pot were strongly influenced by the writings of • Confucius • Mohandas Gandhi • Desmond Tutu • Karl Marx

21. Review With which nation are Pol Pot, the Khmer Rouge, and genocide associated? • Korea • Japan • Myanmar (Burma) • Cambodia