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Lecture 6

Lecture 6 . PLACEMENT OF Stress WITHIN THE word. 1. What is Word Stress?.

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Lecture 6

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  1. Lecture 6 PLACEMENT OF Stress WITHIN THE word Mrs. Hind Al-Beladi 1

  2. What is Word Stress? In English, we do not say each syllable with the same force or strength. In one word, we accentuate ONE syllable. We say one syllable very loudly (big, strong, important) and all the other syllables very quietly. Mrs. Hind Al-Beladi

  3. Why is Word Stress Important? Stress (together with intonation) has important functions, misplacing, or not placing enough stress may make communication ambiguous. Mrs. Hind Al-Beladi

  4. There are many two-syllable words in English whose meaning and class change with a change in stress. The word present, for example is a two-syllable word. If we stress the first syllable, it is a noun (gift) or an adjective (opposite of absent). But if we stress the second syllable, it becomes a verb (to offer). More examples: the words export, import, contract and object can all be nouns or verbs depending on whether the stress is on the first or second syllable. Mrs. Hind Al-Beladi

  5. STRESS PLACEMENT Mrs. Hind Al-Beladi

  6. In order to decide stress placement, it is necessary to make use of some or all of the following information: • whether the word is morphologically simple, or whether it is complex or compound. • The grammatical category to which the word belongs (N, V, adj…etc) • The number of syllables in the word. • The phonological structure of those syllables. Mrs. Hind Al-Beladi

  7. Two-syllable Words Mrs. Hind Al-Beladi

  8. Two-syllable Words Here the choice is either the first or the second syllable will be stressed (not both). Mrs. Hind Al-Beladi

  9. Two-syllable Verbs If the second of the verb contains a long vowel or a diphthong, or if it ends with more than one consonant, the second syllable is stressed. Example: refer /rɪˈfɜ:r/design /dɪˈzaɪn/perfect /pəˈfekt/ Mrs. Hind Al-Beladi

  10. Two-syllable Verbs If the final syllable is weak, or if it contains a short vowel or one (or no) consonant, the first syllable is stressed. Example: visit /ˈvɪzɪt/ open /ˈəʊpən/ Mrs. Hind Al-Beladi

  11. Two-syllable Verbs If the final syllable contains /aʊ/ is unstressed. Example: borrow /ˈbɒrəʊ/ Mrs. Hind Al-Beladi

  12. Two-syllable Adjectives Two-syllable adjectives follow the same rule. Examples: Lovely ‘lʌvli Correct kə ‘rekt Mrs. Hind Al-Beladi

  13. Two-syllable Nouns Two-syllable nouns follow a different rule. If the second syllable contains a short vowel, the stress will usually come on the first syllable. Otherwise it will be on the second syllable. Examples:money /‘mʌni/ product /’prɒdʌkt/ routine /ru:ˈti:n/design /dɪˈzaɪn/ Mrs. Hind Al-Beladi

  14. 2 syllable words ( adverbs & prepositions ) Other two-syllable words such as adverbs and prepositions seem to behave like verbs and adjectives. Examples:beyond neverseldom behindagain verybefore afterexcept across Mrs. Hind Al-Beladi

  15. Three-syllable words Mrs. Hind Al-Beladi

  16. 3 syllable words ( Verbs ) If the last syllable contains a short vowel and ends with not more than one consonant, that last syllable will be unstressed, and stress will be placed on the preceding penultimate syllable. Examples: consider /kənˈsɪdər/determine /dɪˈtɜ:mɪn/interpret /ɪnˈtɜ:prɪt/ Mrs. Hind Al-Beladi

  17. 3 syllable words ( Verbs ) If the last syllable contains a long vowel or diphthong, or ends with more than one consonant, the last syllable will be stressed. Examples: introduce /ˌɪntrəˈdju:s/entertain /ˌentəˈteɪn/resurrect /ˌrezəˈrekt/ Mrs. Hind Al-Beladi

  18. 3 syllable words ( N + adj ) If the final syllable contains a short vowel or /əʊ/, it is unstressed. If the syllable preceding this final syllable contains a long vowel or a diphthong, or if it ends with more than one consonant, the middle syllable will be stressed. Examples: potato /pəˈteɪtəʊ/disaster /dɪˈzɑ:stər/mimosa /mɪˈməʊsə/ Mrs. Hind Al-Beladi

  19. 3 syllable words ( N + adj ) If the final syllable contains a short vowel and the middle syllable contains a short vowel and ends with not more than one consonant, both final and middle syllables are unstressed and the first syllable is stressed. Examples: cinema /ˈsɪnəmə/camera /ˈkæmərə/evidence /ˈevɪdəns/ Mrs. Hind Al-Beladi

  20. Three-syllable Adjectives Three-syllable adjectives seem to need the same rules as Nouns to produce stress pattern such as: Examples: opportune insolentpossible derelictimportant absoluteenormous similaraccurate popular Mrs. Hind Al-Beladi

  21. Mrs. Hind Al-Beladi

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