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Update in Veterinary Medicine

Update in Veterinary Medicine. Dr. Maria M. Crane Zoo Atlanta. Overview of Discussion. Medical management of captive orangutans Preventative Medicine Anesthesia Protocols Vaccinations TB testing Current Health Issue. Preventative Medicine. Quarantine – 30 to 90 days

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Update in Veterinary Medicine

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  1. Update in Veterinary Medicine Dr. Maria M. Crane Zoo Atlanta

  2. Overview of Discussion • Medical management of captive orangutans • Preventative Medicine • Anesthesia Protocols • Vaccinations • TB testing • Current Health Issue

  3. Preventative Medicine • Quarantine – 30 to 90 days - 120 days or longer if wild caught • Physical Examinations • Frequency: 12 – 24 months • Palpation of the animal’s abdomen, musculoskeletal system, rectal palpation, thoracic auscultation, and exam of eyes, ears, oral cavity and urogenitial system

  4. Dental Exams • Oral cavity exam • Dental prophylaxis • Remove tartar & calculi • Periodontal disease • Tooth problems • Cavities, fractures • Dental radiographs

  5. Periodontal Disease

  6. Blood Collection • Sites: brachial, saphenous or femoral veins • Complete blood count • Serum chemistry panels • Serum banking

  7. Blood Collection • Lipid panel • Cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, LDL, VLDL • Thyroid hormone testing • Viral serology • Blood typing • Cardiac isoenzymes

  8. Urinalysis • Collection: clean catch or sterile urinary catheterization • Data on bladder health, kidney function & diabetes • Complimentary with CBC & serum chemistry profiles

  9. Diagnostic Imaging • Radiographs • Thoracic, abdominal, dental • Ultrasound • Abdominal, reproductive • Endoscopy • Bronchoscopy • Gastroscopy • Computed Tomography • Magnetic Resonance Imaging - MRI • Bronchoscopy • Gastroscopy

  10. Radiographs

  11. Abdominal Ultrasound Exam

  12. Reproductive Ultrasound Exam

  13. Bronchoscopy

  14. Vaccinations • Based on history and exposure risks • Current vaccination recommendations for humans and animals • Hand-raised neonates & naïve juveniles

  15. Minimal Vaccines Recommendations Polio Tetanus Measles Additional Vaccines Rabies Influenza A & B West Nile Virus Hepatitis B Vaccinations

  16. Additional Vaccinations • Hand-raised • Pneumococcal vaccine • Hepatitis B • Haemophilus influenzae type b • Geriatric • Pneumococcal vaccine

  17. Parasite Control • Fecal examinations • Direct exam, floatation & sedimentation • Frequency • 2 – 4 times a year • Fecal culture & sensitivity • Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Campylobacter spp., E. coli strains, Yersinia spp.

  18. Tuberculosis (TB) • Significant cause of morbidity and mortality in domestic and wild animals worldwide • Zoonotic disease • Potential problems with TB • Restriction of animal movement • Issues associated with human health • Euthanasia of potentially healthy animals

  19. Tuberculosis • TB complex comprised of pathogenic Mycobacterium spp. • M. tuberculosis, M. bovis, M. africanum, M. microti and M. pinnipedii • Orangutans: M. tuberculosis & M. bovis • M. avium – atypical mycobacterial

  20. TB Testing • Guidelines for testing based on standards • World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) • Centers for Disease Control (CDC) • National Institutes of Health (NIH) • Animal Health Committee of AZA (AHC)

  21. Problems with TB testing • Orangutans – non-specific reaction • Not one test is 100% reliable for detecting TB in zoo animals • Routine screening and clinical evaluation of suspect cases requires multiple tests

  22. Mycobacterial Testing • Intradermal test with old mammalian tuberculin • Thoracic radiographs • Gastric, tracheal or bronchoalveolar lavage • C&S ( 8 weeks or >) • acid fast stain

  23. Serologic tests Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ELISA Multiantigen-print immunoassay MAPIA Detect antibodies Immunoassays Primagam Cell-mediated response Cytokine production Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified DNA probes Identification of mycobacterium species Test culture-negative samples Additional Mycobacterial Testing

  24. Necropsy • Standardized Necropsy Report for Great Apes • Gross examination and histopathology • Bacterial culture if infection suspected • Collect Blood – bank, viral serology, toxicology • Send Reports to Vet advisor & Pathology advisor

  25. Chemical Immobilizations • Injectable anesthetics for inductions • Ketamine alone • Ketamine combined with Midazolam, Diazepam, Butorphenol or Medetomidine • Tiletamine/zolazepam or Telazol® • Gas Anesthesia • Isoflurane or Sevoflurane

  26. Intubation • Intubation to provide gas anesthesia for longer procedures • Problems • Laryngospasm • Inserting endotracheal tube too deeply

  27. Anesthetic Monitoring • Heart Rate • Peripheral pulses • Respiratory - rate & depth • Body temperature

  28. Anesthetic Monitoring • Pulse oximetry • Electrocardiography • Blood Pressure • End-tidal Capnography • Intravenous catheter & fluid therapy

  29. IV catheter

  30. Fluid Therapy

  31. Current Health Issues • Respiratory Disease • Airsacculitis • Pneumonia • Sinusitis

  32. Airsacculitis

  33. Airsacculitis

  34. Airsacculitis Surgery

  35. Marsupialized Air Sac

  36. Cardiovascular Disease • Heart Failure • Fibrosing Cardiomyopathy • Risk Factors ? • Genetics • Blood pressure • Diet • Exercise • Stress • Age – related

  37. Gastrointestinal Problems • Diarrhea • Constipation • Obesity

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