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The Race for Colonies

The Race for Colonies. The International Context. Spain and Portugal are Weak The Thirty Years' War (1618-48) The Balance of Power 3 Bishops, 3 Protestant Lords, 1 King of Bohemia The Winter King: Frederick of the Palatinate Catholics vs. Protestant No one really wins. .

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The Race for Colonies

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  1. The Race for Colonies

  2. The International Context • Spain and Portugal are Weak • The Thirty Years' War (1618-48) • The Balance of Power • 3 Bishops, 3 Protestant Lords, 1 King of Bohemia • The Winter King: Frederick of the Palatinate • Catholics vs. Protestant • No one really wins.

  3. International Context 2 • Dutch are at their Height • Take over Portugal's colonies in Asia • Commercial Empire in Asia is main Focus • France is strongest in Europe • Caribbean is main focus for colonies (SUGAR) • Canada is a side-show for furs.

  4. Why Colonize? • Desire for Foreign Goods • Mercantilist Theory • Struggle for World Trade • Joint-Stock Companies • British East India Company

  5. New France

  6. French Colonization of New France (Canada): The Early Years • Giovanni da Verrazzano--1523 • Jacques Cartier--1534 • 1608—Samuel de Champlain founds Quebec. • 1627-1663: Company of One Hundred Associates • 1663: Canada becomes a royally controlled province.

  7. French Colonization • French Colonial Goals • The Quest for Furs • The Quest for Sugar

  8. Life in New France • Sparse Settlement: • 1666: 3,215 whites: 2034 men and 1181 women • 'les filles du Roi': 700 women sent by King • 1700: 15,000 colonists • 1750s: 70,000 colonists Seigneurs • Indentured Servants • Rented Lands

  9. Life in New France 2 • Alliance with the Indians: • the Montagnais and Hurons The Priests • The Hurons • Reductions • Syncretism

  10. Further Expansion of New France • 1670s-80s: Mississippi River valley (pays des Illinois or Louisiana) • The French Mississippi Company • New Orleans: On May 7, 1718 • The Acadians

  11. French Caribbean Colonies • The Goal: Sugar and Indigo • Haiti: West Hispaniola • Haven for Pirates • French in 1697: Saint-Domingue • Sugar and Indigo Production through slavery • Whites own Plantations, Middle class of Mixed-Race, Slaves work on Plantations. • Very brutal: 1/3rd of all new slaves die in the first year.

  12. The Triangle Trade

  13. New Netherlands Colony

  14. New Netherlands • 1602: Dutch East India Company • 1609: Henry Hudson • 1621: West India Company • 1624: Fort Orange (modern Albany) • 1626: New Amsterdam

  15. Patroonships • Patroons are granted land to settle; they must bring at least 50 families. • Patroons gain feudal rights • But most Dutch don't want to be peasants • Rensselaerwyck • About 10,000 colonists maximum

  16. Life in New Netherlands • Refugees • Ethnic Diversity • Poor Governors • The Fur Trade • 1664: Conquest by English Was the colony a success? • No Big Money

  17. Seventeenth Century England • The Problem of Multiple Kingdoms: King James I (1603-1625) rules: • Scottish Presbyterians • Irish Catholics • An England split between: • Puritans, who want to Presbyterianize England • High Churchmen, content with current Church of England

  18. Political Conflicts • Parliament vs King over: • Control over Advisors • Control over Taxes • Control over Religion • Control over Foreign Affairs Political Paralysis due to lack of money ensues

  19. English Trade • British sell wool and cloth • British Pirates vs. France and Spain • Quest for Colonies

  20. The Big Boom: The British Civil Wars (1638-1660) • Religious Conflict Inside / Between Kingdoms • Charles I (1625-49) Overreaches • Charles vs. Parliament (1642-8) • Oliver Cromwell (1648-58) • The Restoration (1660)

  21. The Roanoake Colony • Sir Walter Raleigh--Founder • 1585: First Attempt • 1587: The colony is refounded • Virginia Dare 1590: By this time the colony vanishes,

  22. Chesapeake Bay Colonies

  23. The Virginia Colony: The Early Years • May 1607: 104 men sail to America and build Jamestown, a fortified town. • Goals: Find Gold and Silver • January 1608: 38 survivors • 1610: The Headright System • 1619: The House of Burgesses

  24. Virginia Begins to Grow • Conflict with the Powhattan Confederacy: • Powhattan ruled 30 tribes (14,000 total, 3,200 warriors). • March 22, 1622—347 slain by surprise • Second Indian war (1644-6)

  25. Tobacco • 36 pence per pound in 1617 • 1 penny a pound in the 1660s. • over 20 million pounds a year by the late 1670s Tobacco Growing: • Indentured Servants at First • One man could produce 500 pounds of tobacco from 2000 pounds of plants.

  26. Maryland • Proprietor: Lord Baltimore, English Catholic • A Refuge for Catholics: 1632 • He wanted manors; settlers wanted farms • 1649: Act for Religious Toleration • Virginia-fication

  27. Life in the Chesapeake • Irreligious • Short Lives • Little Marriage / Men outnumber women 2 to 1 or more • Deferment of Pleasure

  28. The Puritans of New England • Calvinists (God chooses who is saved; human action doesn't matter) • Reject ornate ritual • Only Converts in Church • Bottom-Up Church Government • Believers should rule • Persecuted by Royal Government and High Churchmen

  29. The Pilgrims • From England; lived in Holland (1607-1620) • The Mayflower, 102 people, 1620 • Mayflower Compact • Greatly aided by the Wampanoag • Story of Thanksgiving Found the Plymouth Bay Colony

  30. Massachusetts Bay Colony: 1630 • 1000 founders. • Covenant—Holy Contract • Democracy: Property Owners Vote • Non-Believers have no political power

  31. Connecticut and the Pequot War • Push West: mid 1630s • 1637 (Pequot War): Settlers, the Narragansets, and the Mohegans allied against the Pequot and slaughtered them. • 1639: Fundamental Orders of Connecticut set up a representative government.

  32. Roger Williams

  33. Anne Hutchinson

  34. New England Society • Farm Family is the basic unit • Women are property • But marriages are for love, not arranged • Township = Congregation = 50-100 families • Subsistence Economy • The Sea

  35. The Carolinas • 1663 Proprietary Colony • Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina—John Locke • Noble class holds 40%; leads government • Small farmers hold 60%; elect legislature • Slaves work for the nobles • But colonists reject the Fundamentals and make own Plantations

  36. The Carolinas Split • North Carolina: Livestock and farmers and tobacco • South Carolina: Rice Plantations worked by slaves • Split in 1729

  37. William Penn

  38. Pennsylvania and William Penn • The Quakers: Radical Protestant Pacifists • 1681 Founding • 1700: 18,000 colonists • Colonists resist Penn's control of many affairs • He eventually flees in despair

  39. New York and New Jersey • 1638-55: New Sweden in SW New Jersey • 600 Swedes and Finns • Conquered by Dutch • 1664: English conquer New Amsterdam • New Amsterdam is now New York • Part of New Amsterdam becomes New Jersey, granted to allies of Duke James of York, who is given New York • He rules New York until 1689

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