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For compounds to enter cells from the outside they must somehow penetrate

For compounds to enter cells from the outside they must somehow penetrate the membrane (also outer membrane in gram-negative bacteria, and the cell wall if present. Cell membranes consist of lipid bilayers. Some simple rules about movement of molecules across cellular membranes:

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For compounds to enter cells from the outside they must somehow penetrate

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  1. For compounds to enter cells from the outside they must somehow penetrate the membrane (also outer membrane in gram-negative bacteria, and the cell wall if present

  2. Cell membranes consist of lipid bilayers

  3. Some simple rules about movement of molecules across cellular membranes: • Cell membranes represent physical barriers to the surrounding environment. But they • are not like a concrete wall and also not like the thin membrane in a soap-bubble. It is a • much more complex barrier that lets certain selected compounds through in a strictly • controlled manner. • Macromolecules and charged smaller molecules do not generally pass through • membranes passively (by diffusion). This for example means that organisms cannot use • proteins directly as food. They are instead partly degraded before uptake. • Some uncharged smaller molcules can enter cells by passive diffusion. • Many types of molecules can enter cells by various types of active transport systems. • These processes are compound-specific and may or may not require energy • consumption (i. e ATP).

  4. The detailed structures of membranes are very complicated

  5. Summaryof transport mechanisms in and outofcells

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