1. Extending Spanish Power Chapter 17, Section 1

2. Emergence of Spain • By the 1500s, Spain emerged as the first modern European power. • Ferdinand and Isabella unified the country and pushed out the last remaining Muslims. • They also enforced religious unity. • They financed Columbus’ journey across the Atlantic Ocean – leading to a massive new empire.

3. Charles V and the Hapsburg Empire • In 1519, Charles V, grandson of Ferdinand and Isabella, inherited a huge empire. • He inherited not only Spain but the Hapsburg Empire (the Holy Roman Empire and the Netherlands.) • Controlling such a massive empire forced Charles to spend much of his rule fighting wars. • He finally was forced to allow the German princes to choose their own religions.

4. Charles V and the Hapsburg Empire • Charles’ greatest foe was the Ottoman Empire. • Under the rule of Suleiman the Magnificent, Ottoman forces advanced across central Europe to the walls of Vienna, Austria. • Vienna held firm and stopped the Ottoman advance. • Ottoman naval forces also challenged Spanish power in the Mediterranean.

5. Ottoman Empire

6. An Empire Divided • The expansive and divided Hapsburg empire proved too much for one man to rule. • Charles V gave up his titles and entered a monastery in 1556. • He divided his empire, leaving the Hapsburg lands in central Europe to his brother Ferdinand, who became Holy Roman Emperor. • He gave Spain, the Netherlands, southern Italy, and Spain’s oversea empire to his 29-year-old son Philip.

7. Philip II and Divine Right • During Philip’s 42-year reign, Spain emerged as the dominant power in Europe. • Like his father, Philip was a devoted Catholic, a hard worker, and ambitious. • Philip ruled from palace, El Escorial, outside of Madrid.

8. Philip II and Divine Right • Philip ruled as an absolute monarch, or a ruler with complete authority over the government and the lives of the people. • He also claimed divine right, the belief that his authority to rule came directly from God.

9. The Wars of Philip II • Philip fought many wars as he attempted to advance Spanish Catholic power. • At the Battle of Lepanto in 1571, Spain and its allies in the Holy League defeated the Ottomans.

10. The Wars of Philip II • Revolt in the Netherlands • During the last half of his reign, Philip battled Protestant rebels in the Netherlands. • The Netherlands were the wealthiest part of Philip’s empire • Protestants resisted Philip’s attempt to crush their faith. • Protestants and Catholic alike opposed high taxes and autocratic Spanish rule.

11. The Wars of Philip II • Revolt in the Netherlands • In the 1560s, riots against the Inquisition sparked a general uprising in the Netherlands. • After two decades of fighting the northern, Protestant provinces of the Netherlands declared their independence. • The southern, Catholic provinces remained loyal to Spain.

12. The Wars of Philip II • Invading England • By the 1580s, Philip saw England’s Queen Elizabeth I as his chief Protestant enemy. • Elizabeth had first secretly, then openly, supported the Protestant rebellions in the Netherlands. • She also encouraged English captains, known as the Sea Dogs, to plunder Spanish treasure ships. • Francis Drake, the most daring Sea Dog, was made a knight by Elizabeth.

13. Spanish Armada • To end English attacks and subdue the Dutch, Philip prepared a huge armada to carry a Spanish invasion force to England. • The Armada sailed with 130 ships, 20,000 men, and 2,400 pieces of artillery. • Smaller, faster English ships opposed the Armada in the English Channel • The large Spanish ships had difficulty hitting the English. • Eventually storm winds blew the Armada off course and many ships were lost at sea. • The beaten Armada was forced to sail home in defeat. • While Spain would eventually rebuild its navy, the Spanish aura of invincibility quickly evaporated.

14. Spanish Armada

15. Spain’s Golden Age • The century from 1550 to 1650 is often called Spain’s siglo de oro, or “golden century.” • Philip II was a patron of the arts and also founded academies of science and mathematics. • Artists such as El Greco and Diego Velázquez painted vivid portraits of Spanish royalty. • Miguel de Cervantes wrote Don Quixote, the first modern novel in Europe.

16. Economic Decline • After the reign of Philip II, Spanish power and prosperity slowly declined. • Philip’s successors were not strong rulers. • Costly overseas wars drained wealth out of Spain almost as fast as it came in. • The influx of foreign treasure led Spain to neglect its own farming and commerce. • The expulsion of the Muslims and Jews from Spain deprived the economy of skilled artisans. • American gold and silver led to high inflation of Spanish currency. • By the late 1600s, France had replaced Spain as the most powerful European nation.