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KEY CONCEPT Cells work together to carry out complex functions.

Discover the interconnectedness of cells in multicellular organisms and the process of cell differentiation. Explore the potential of stem cells and the ethical implications surrounding their use.

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KEY CONCEPT Cells work together to carry out complex functions.

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  1. KEY CONCEPT Cells work together to carry out complex functions. The photograph shows a lung cancer cell undergoing cell division. Unlike healthy cells, cancer cells can divide without limit--they are what scientists call immortal. (colored SEM; magnification 5000 X)

  2. SYSTEMS leaf shoot system stem vascular tissue CELL TISSUE ORGAN root system lateral roots primary root Multicellular organisms depend on interactions among different cell types. • Tissues are groups of cells that perform a similar function. • Organs are groups of tissues that perform a specific or related function. • Organ systems are groups of organs that carry out similar functions.

  3. Inner: intestines Outer: skin cells Middle: bone cells Specialized cells perform specific functions. • Cells develop into their mature forms through the process of cell differentiation. • Cells differ because different combinations of genes are expressed. • A cell’s location in an embryo helps determine how it will differentiate.

  4. Stem cells are unique body cells. • Stem cells have the ability to • divide and renew themselves • remain undifferentiated in form • develop into a variety of specialized cell types

  5. totipotent, or growing into any other cell type • pluripotent, or growing into any cell type but a totipotent cell • multipotent, or growing into cells of a closely related cell family • Stem cells are classified into three types.

  6. First, an egg is fertilized by a sperm cell in a petri dish. The egg divides, forming an inner cell mass. These cells are then removed and grown with nutrients. Scientists try to control how the cells specialize by adding or removing certain molecules. • Adult stem cells can be hard to isolate and grow. • The use of adult stem cells may prevent transplant rejection. • The use of embryonicstem cells raisesethical issues • Embryonic stem cellsare pluripotent andcan be grown indefinitelyin culture. • Stem cells come from adults and embryos.

  7. The use of stem cells offers many currently realized and potential benefits. • Stem cells are used to treat leukemia and lymphoma. • Stem cells may cure disease or replace damaged organs. • Stem cells may revolutionize the drug development process.

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