Understanding Cellular Energy: Key Concepts for Life Processes

1. KEY CONCEPT The cells of all organisms need chemical energy to carry out their life sustaining processes.

2. What do the cells need chemical energy for? • To move • To reproduce • To grow • To actively transport materials across the cell membrane (Ex. Endocytosis, exocytosis, sodium-potassium pumps) • To carry out chemical reactions –Activation Energy Ex. Photosynthesis, respiration , All metabolism

3. Energy is stored in Food Molecules • Chemical E is stored in the organic molecules found in food.

4. Carbohydrates and lipid molecules are the most important energy containing molecules in foods we eat.

6. 1. AUTOTROPHS – MAKE THEIR OWN FOOD MOLECULES USING ENERGY AND CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) gas FROM THE ENVIRONMENT *

7. 2 Groups of Autotrophs • Photoautotrophs • Chemoautotrophs

8. Photoautotroph – use light E to make their food through Photosynthesis CyanoBacteriaProtists (Algae) Plants

9. Chemoautotrophsuse chemical E to make their food through Chemosynthesis Ex. Archaebacteria

10. Autotrophs make the organic compounds that serve as food for themselves and all other organisms on Earth

11. 2. Heterotrophs –Organisms that eat other organisms (or their products) to obtain energy and carbon compounds • Animals • Fungus • Some Protists • Most Bacteria ANIMALS

12. Are We Autotrophs or Heterotrophs?

13. Autotroph or Heterotroph?

14. Law of Conservation of EnergyEnergy cannot be created or destroyed but it can be changed from one form to another

16. Energy Transformations that Support Life

17. Two processes are needed to convert the sun’s light energy into chemical energy the cell can use. PHOTOSYNTHESIS and CELL RESPIRATION

18. In photosynthesis, sunlight E is transformed into chemical E stored in food molecules Starch Glucose

19. In cell respiration, the chemical E stored in food molecules is released and repackaged into high energy molecules called ATP the cells can use.

20. What happens to the E released from food in cellular respiration? It is used to make high energy molecules called ATP

21. What is ATP? ATP stands for the molecule Adenosine Triphosphate

22. ATP is a high energy containing molecule used by all cells to carry out cellular functions.. • Sodium-Potassium Pump • Muscle contraction

23. adenosine triphosphate adenosine diphosphate ATP – ADP ATP – Adenosine Triphosphate ADP – Adenosine Diphosphate

24. phosphate removed The ATP – ADP cycle ATP –High energy molecule ADP –Low energy molecule

25. When ATP loses a phosphate molecule it gives off E and becomes ADP. • The E given off is used to power chemical reactions in the cell

26. When ADP gains E and a phosphate molecule, it becomes “recharged” to form ATP. • The E source to “recharge” ADP comes from the breakdown of food through respiration.

27. This process is called the ATP – ADP Cycle

28. Removing a Phosphate - Release Energy “use the battery” ATP Energy + P + ADP Adding a Phosphate – Stores Energy “recharge battery” ADP + Energy + P ATP

29. This is constantly occuring in every cell of your body, millions of times a minute! • The E given off is used to power every chemical reaction occuring in the cell

30. ATP to ADP Recharging your body’s batteries