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All cells need chemical energy Cell Energy = ATP ATP = Adenosine Triphosphate

All cells need chemical energy Cell Energy = ATP ATP = Adenosine Triphosphate. adenosine. triphosphate. tri=3. adenosine. diphosphate. di=2. Energy is released when a phosphate group is removed. ADP – adenosine diphosphate.

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All cells need chemical energy Cell Energy = ATP ATP = Adenosine Triphosphate

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  1. All cells need chemical energy Cell Energy = ATP ATP = Adenosine Triphosphate

  2. adenosine triphosphate tri=3 adenosine diphosphate di=2 • Energy is released when a phosphate group is removed. • ADP – adenosine diphosphate • ATP transfers energy from the breakdown of food molecules to cell functions. • ADP is changed into ATP when a phosphate group is added.

  3. Starch molecule Glucose molecule Molecules in food store chemical energy in their bonds

  4. Fats store the most energy. • 80 percent of the energy in your body • about 146 ATP from a triglyceride • Proteins are least likely to be broken down to make ATP

  5. Autotroph - manufacture own food • Heterotrophs – rely on other sources for E • most use photosynthesis • converts sunlight into chemical E • chemical E is stored in the form of sugars

  6. A few autotrophs do not need sunlight and photosynthesis as a source of energy. • live in places that never get sunlight. • Chemosynthesis • uses chemical E (S) instead of light E to make food • Chemosynthetic bacteria – hydrothermal vents

  7. 4.2 Overview of Photosynthesis Photosynthetic organisms are autotrophs = producers • Photosynthesis captures E from sunlight to make food – sugar • Glucose • All sugars end in -ose • 2 phases of photosynthesis • light-dependent reactions • light-independent reactions

  8. 4.2 Overview of Photosynthesis 1. Visible spectrum – wavelengths the human eye can see 2. different colors have different wavelengths 3. Pigment- absorb specific wavelengths of light crest I----------------------------I wavelength Trough

  9. 4.2 Overview of Photosynthesis Why are Leaves Green? • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aAQYpra4aUs&list=PLElB7nLNHZvhSor-RW0mv1FE_IDi9ZuiA&index=9

  10. 4.2 Overview of Photosynthesis Chloroplast contains pigments to capture light • Chlorophyll - reflects green light & absorb all others • Carotenoids – reflect orange light & absorbs all others • Anthocyanine – reflect purples and red light & absorbs all others

  11. 4.2 Overview of Photosynthesis 4.3 Photosynthesis in Detail • chlorophyll absorbs E from sunlight • Photolysis – water molecules are split • H2O  H + O • Takes place in the thylakoids (grana) • Increase surface area to increase amount of H2O split • Oxygen is released as waste The light-dependent reactions

  12. 4.3 Photosynthesis in Detail The light-independent reactions • Takes place in the Stroma – space between the thylakoids • needs carbon dioxide (CO2) from atmosphere • Calvin cycle - Carbon fixation • Use E and H from light dependent reaction to build a 6 carbon chain of sugar (glucose) • C6H12O6

  13. 4.3. Photosynthesis in Detail • Sugar can be used, or stored as starch, and some is built into cellulose • We obtain E from plants by eating the stored sugar • http://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-simple-but-fascinating-story-of-photosynthesis-and-food-amanda-ooten

  14. granum (stack of thylakoids) 1 chloroplast sunlight 6H2O 6O2 2 energy thylakoid stroma (fluid outside the thylakoids) 6CO2 1 six-carbon sugar C6H12O6 3 4 4.3 Photosynthesis in Detail • The equation for the overall process is: 6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2

  15. Light Dependent Light Independent

  16. 4.4 Overview of Cellular Respiration Glycolysis - splits glucose into two molecules ofpyruvate (pyruvic acid) • C-C-C-C-C-C  C-C-C + C-C-C • Produces some ATP molecules • Takes place in cytoplasm

  17. 4.4 Overview of Cellular Respiration 2. Aerobic Respiration With O2 1. Glycolysis 2. Anaerobic Respiration (Fermentation) Without O2

  18. 4.4 Overview of Cell Respiration 1 ATP mitochondrion matrix (area enclosed by inner membrane) and 6CO 2 energy 2 3 energy from glycolysis ATP inner membrane and and 6H O 6O 2 2 4 Aerobic Respiration – with Oxygen • The Krebs cycle – Citric Acid Cycle • takes place inmitochondrial matrix • breaks down pyruvic acid Krebs Cycle • makes a small amount of ATP • releases carbon dioxide

  19. 4.5 Cellular Respiration in Detail • Aerobic Respiration • 2. The Electron Transport Chain • takes place on the cristae • Makes a large amount of ATP • Water is released as a waste product

  20. 4.4 Overview of Cell Respiration 4.5 Cellular Respiration in Detail • The equation for the overall process is: C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O • The reactants in Photosynthesis are the same as the products of Cellular Respiration • The reactants in Cellular Respiration are the same as the products of Photosynthesis

  21. 4.6 Fermentation Anaerobic Respiration:Two Types Lactic Acid Fermentation Alcoholic Fermentation

  22. 4.6 Fermentation • Lactic acid fermentation occurs in muscle cells. • Glycolysis – Glucose  Pyruvate • Converts pyruvate lactic acid • Muscle pain and weakness

  23. 4.6 Fermentation Alcoholic fermentation • Glycolysis – Glucose  Pyruvate • Split pyruvate ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide • Yogurt, cheese, bread

  24. Extra Credit • Create an alphabet picture book for middle school kids with ideas relating to cell biology • Due: Thursday Oct 17th

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