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All cells need chemical energy Cell Energy = ATP ATP = Adenosine Triphosphate

Delve into the world of chemical energy in cells, from ATP production to the intricacies of photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Learn about autotrophs, heterotrophs, and the crucial roles of molecules like glucose and fats. Explore the processes of glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the Electron Transport Chain. Discover how leaves harness sunlight through pigments like chlorophyll and the conversion of CO2 into glucose. Delight in the science of fermentation and its various types.

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All cells need chemical energy Cell Energy = ATP ATP = Adenosine Triphosphate

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  1. All cells need chemical energy Cell Energy = ATP ATP = Adenosine Triphosphate

  2. adenosine triphosphate tri=3 adenosine diphosphate di=2 • Energy is released when a phosphate group is removed. • ADP – adenosine diphosphate • ATP transfers energy from the breakdown of food molecules to cell functions. • ADP is changed into ATP when a phosphate group is added.

  3. Starch molecule Glucose molecule Molecules in food store chemical energy in their bonds

  4. Fats store the most energy. • 80 percent of the energy in your body • about 146 ATP from a triglyceride • Proteins are least likely to be broken down to make ATP

  5. Autotroph - manufacture own food • Heterotrophs – rely on other sources for E • most use photosynthesis • converts sunlight into chemical E • chemical E is stored in the form of sugars

  6. A few autotrophs do not need sunlight and photosynthesis as a source of energy. • live in places that never get sunlight. • Chemosynthesis • uses chemical E (S) instead of light E to make food • Chemosynthetic bacteria – hydrothermal vents

  7. 4.2 Overview of Photosynthesis Photosynthetic organisms are autotrophs = producers • Photosynthesis captures E from sunlight to make food – sugar • Glucose • All sugars end in -ose • 2 phases of photosynthesis • light-dependent reactions • light-independent reactions

  8. 4.2 Overview of Photosynthesis 1. Visible spectrum – wavelengths the human eye can see 2. different colors have different wavelengths 3. Pigment- absorb specific wavelengths of light crest I----------------------------I wavelength Trough

  9. 4.2 Overview of Photosynthesis Why are Leaves Green? • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aAQYpra4aUs&list=PLElB7nLNHZvhSor-RW0mv1FE_IDi9ZuiA&index=9

  10. 4.2 Overview of Photosynthesis Chloroplast contains pigments to capture light • Chlorophyll - reflects green light & absorb all others • Carotenoids – reflect orange light & absorbs all others • Anthocyanine – reflect purples and red light & absorbs all others

  11. 4.2 Overview of Photosynthesis 4.3 Photosynthesis in Detail • chlorophyll absorbs E from sunlight • Photolysis – water molecules are split • H2O  H + O • Takes place in the thylakoids (grana) • Increase surface area to increase amount of H2O split • Oxygen is released as waste The light-dependent reactions

  12. 4.3 Photosynthesis in Detail The light-independent reactions • Takes place in the Stroma – space between the thylakoids • needs carbon dioxide (CO2) from atmosphere • Calvin cycle - Carbon fixation • Use E and H from light dependent reaction to build a 6 carbon chain of sugar (glucose) • C6H12O6

  13. 4.3. Photosynthesis in Detail • Sugar can be used, or stored as starch, and some is built into cellulose • We obtain E from plants by eating the stored sugar • http://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-simple-but-fascinating-story-of-photosynthesis-and-food-amanda-ooten

  14. granum (stack of thylakoids) 1 chloroplast sunlight 6H2O 6O2 2 energy thylakoid stroma (fluid outside the thylakoids) 6CO2 1 six-carbon sugar C6H12O6 3 4 4.3 Photosynthesis in Detail • The equation for the overall process is: 6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2

  15. Light Dependent Light Independent

  16. 4.4 Overview of Cellular Respiration Glycolysis - splits glucose into two molecules ofpyruvate (pyruvic acid) • C-C-C-C-C-C  C-C-C + C-C-C • Produces some ATP molecules • Takes place in cytoplasm

  17. 4.4 Overview of Cellular Respiration 2. Aerobic Respiration With O2 1. Glycolysis 2. Anaerobic Respiration (Fermentation) Without O2

  18. 4.4 Overview of Cell Respiration 1 ATP mitochondrion matrix (area enclosed by inner membrane) and 6CO 2 energy 2 3 energy from glycolysis ATP inner membrane and and 6H O 6O 2 2 4 Aerobic Respiration – with Oxygen • The Krebs cycle – Citric Acid Cycle • takes place inmitochondrial matrix • breaks down pyruvic acid Krebs Cycle • makes a small amount of ATP • releases carbon dioxide

  19. 4.5 Cellular Respiration in Detail • Aerobic Respiration • 2. The Electron Transport Chain • takes place on the cristae • Makes a large amount of ATP • Water is released as a waste product

  20. 4.4 Overview of Cell Respiration 4.5 Cellular Respiration in Detail • The equation for the overall process is: C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O • The reactants in Photosynthesis are the same as the products of Cellular Respiration • The reactants in Cellular Respiration are the same as the products of Photosynthesis

  21. 4.6 Fermentation Anaerobic Respiration:Two Types Lactic Acid Fermentation Alcoholic Fermentation

  22. 4.6 Fermentation • Lactic acid fermentation occurs in muscle cells. • Glycolysis – Glucose  Pyruvate • Converts pyruvate lactic acid • Muscle pain and weakness

  23. 4.6 Fermentation Alcoholic fermentation • Glycolysis – Glucose  Pyruvate • Split pyruvate ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide • Yogurt, cheese, bread

  24. Extra Credit • Create an alphabet picture book for middle school kids with ideas relating to cell biology • Due: Thursday Oct 17th

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