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International Migration

International Migration. Chapter 15 of R&W Baldwin-Edwards pp. 5-20. Link to syllabus. Link to WDI. Theory Review. Migration because of differences in wages (incomes), will raise wages in the sending country, lower them in receiving country. Total

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International Migration

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  1. International Migration Chapter 15 of R&W Baldwin-Edwards pp. 5-20 Link to syllabus Link to WDI

  2. Theory Review Migration because of differences in wages (incomes), will raise wages in the sending country, lower them in receiving country. Total output will rise in receiving country, fall in source country. Modifications: Many people intend to migrate for a brief period, then return home Migrants often move near to relatives or people of their own source town/village. This may reduce ‘cost’ of migration. For this and other reasons, costs of migration are declining. People migrate for non-economic motives – political/war refugees. Or perhaps migration as a rite of passage - adventure Oftentimes, those who migrate have above average skills, youth, etc, leading to a ‘brain drain’ which hurts the source country. Also, those who return bring back new skills, savings… Migrants send money home (remittances), helping source country Migrants may be a drain on receiving countries, needing social services. But migrants help their receiving country by inserting new energy (at low prices!) Many countries are actively facilitating migration

  3. Overview

  4. Inward and Outward Migration, ~2010: MENA Source: WB Migration and Remittances Factbook 2011

  5. R&W Table 15.3 p. 404 Foreigners as a Percentage of the Labor Force See next slide

  6. Table 15.2 p. 398 (R&W). Remittance Flows to Selected MENA See next slide

  7. Importance of Migrant Remittances: MENA and Others. Late 1990s Source: World Bank (2003), Trade, Investment and Development in MENA p. 87

  8. Remittances/GDP WDI data

  9. Countries with Largest Immigrant Stock Source?

  10. Countries with highest percentage of immigrants, in total population

  11. Cities ranked by % foreign-born Dubai Muscat Mecca Tel Aviv Medina Riyadh Jerusalem Some omissions Source: Benton-Short et al. “Globalization from Below: The Ranking of Global Immigrant Cities,” Int’l Journal of Urban and Regional Research Dec. 2005

  12. Remittances into Egypt, by Region. 2003 Source: Yousef (2005) “The Changing Role of Labor Migration in Arab Economic Integration”

  13. Educational Levels of Foreign Born Populations, 2000 Fraction Above High School Foreign Born as Percentage of Total Population

  14. Into Europe Recall that several European countries have negative population growth rates.

  15. Workers in Europe from Maghreb Countries and Turkey, 1962-99 Source: mt Table 21a

  16. Turkish Emigration, by decades Source: Elitok and Straubhaar (2011) “Turkey as a Migration Hub”

  17. On Illegal Immigrants in France. April 20, 2004 NYT Ms. Alouache said her asylum request was refused last year and is pending appeal. She is angry that she still has no papers, but she said she was not about to go back to Algiers. Here, her son, Mohamed, 4, attends a public nursery school, and her family gets 100 euros a month, as well as food, clothing, housing and free medical care from the state. Until the fire, she spent her days in city parks with friends, waiting for her son to get out of school while her husband, 42, played soccer and acted as an informal coach for boys. She and her husband are not allowed to work, but many illegal immigrants do. Like most European countries, France rarely resorts to deportation, so people like Ms. Alouache hang on, often for years. SAMU Social handles about 3,000 such people in Paris, half of them children, Mr. Emmanuelli said. Through these agencies, he said, the state feeds, houses and clothes 9,000 to 10,000 immigrants lacking papers in Paris alone. "It's difficult to deport as soon as these people have kids in school," Mr. Emmanuelli said. So far, France has offered residency only to illegal immigrants case by case, but offers of residency to large numbers by Italy and Spain have increased pressure on other European countries to do the same. "I think we will reach that point in France," Mr. Emmanuelli said.

  18. MENA Countries as Hosts to In-migration Turkey is an important host country, to people from Iran and Iraq, many of whom are hoping to get into Europe. Lebanon is currently being flooded by refugees from Syria. Jordan has accepted many Palestinians, letting them nationalize. Foreign Workers in the Gulf: important shift from sourcing Arab workers to bringing in workers from South Asia. There are important gender considerations: many women are brought into the Gulf as maids. Most workers from South Asia are males who come without their families.

  19. Table 15.1 p. 393 (R&W) Foreign Workers in the Gulf, 2002 Ranking by receiving countries: Saudi, UAE, Kuwait… by sending countries: India, Pakistan, Egypt, Yemen

  20. Table 15.3 Foreigners as a Percentage of the Labor Force, 1985-2003 Ranking by percentage: UAE, Qatar, Kuwait, Oman, Saudi, Bahrain. Detail: does labor force include public sector?

  21. Foreigners--Arabs and non-Arabs--in the GCC Source: mt Table 20c, after Kapiszewski (2001) Nationals and Expatriates

  22. Arab Labor Exporters to GCC (thousands and %) Source: mt Table 20a

  23. Saudi Arabia: Population by Nationality, 1995 According to the WDI, the 1995 population of Saudi Arabia was 18.5 million Source: Shah (2004) in Arab Migration, Globalization..

  24. Saudi Arabia Private Sector Employment In addition, there were some 900,000 gov’t employees, and 200,000 armed forces Source: Saudi Government’s web-site

  25. Jordanian/Palestinians in GCC, 1965-97 Source:?

  26. Stocks of Egyptian Overseas Migrants, 1990s According to the WDI, Egypt’s population in 1999 was 65 million. Source: Wahba (2004) in Arab Migration in a Globalized World

  27. Distribution of Arabs and Asians in Kuwait, 2001 Source: Shah (2004) in Arab Migration, Globalization…

  28. Lebanon and Migration Lebanon’s current population is about 4 million. There has not been a credible national population census since the early 1930s. The (predominantly refugee) out-migration from Lebanon during the civil war (1975-1990) has been estimated at 600,000. In addition, there are estimates of outmigration after 1990 of the order of one million. At the same time, estimates of Syrians living in Lebanon range from 300,000 to one million , mostly non-skilled workers. Not surprisingly, this is potentially an important political issue. In addition, there are 50,000? maids in Lebanon, from south Asia, Ethiopia, etc.

  29. Iraqi Refugees Populations, (millions): Iraq ~ 25 Syria ~20 Jordan ~5 Lebanon ~3.5 Iraqi war deaths estimates range from 80,000-600,000 Source: NYT December 12, 2006

  30. Workers in Israel, West Bank and Gaza

  31. Labor in West Bank and Gaza, and in Israel 1970-2002 Source: mt Table 20d, O&P p. 265, and PCBS

  32. Distribution of Arabs of Palestinian Birth or Descent, % Source: article by J. Abu-Lughod in Cambridge Survey of World Migration

  33. Immigration into the US

  34. Undocumented Sources: Passel, CPS, Office Immigration Statistics

  35. US Population, 2000 Census

  36. U.S. Immigrants Admitted by Country of Birth (000s) Source: US Stat. Abs. 2004

  37. US Population with Arab Ancestry, 2000 Source: US Census Bureau (2005) “We The People of Arab Ancestry in the US”

  38. Origin and Religions of Arab-Americans, 2000 Source: Arab-American Institute http://www.aaiusa.org/arab-americans/22/demographics based on US Census of 2000. Who knows how they got the estimates of religion?

  39. Arab immigration to U.S. 1989-2010 Sources: Department of Homeland Security, Yearbook of Immigration Statistics 2005, 2010 From: Helen Samhan (2011) “Trends in Arab American Identity and Demographics”

  40. Fastest growing Arab immigrant groups in the US By Year of Entry 1989-2010 Total by Country 1989-2010 Sources: Department of Homeland Security, Yearbook of Immigration Statistics 2005, 2010 [From: Helen Samhan (2011) “Trends in Arab American Identity and Demographics”]

  41. Nativity by place: Lebanese and Total Arab ancestries Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, American Community Survey (2007-2009) [From: Helen Samhan (2011) “Trends in Arab American Identity and Demographics”]

  42. Language spoken at home:Lebanese ancestry and Total Arab Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, American Community Survey (2007-2009) From: Helen Samhan (2011) “Trends in Arab American Identity and Demographics”

  43. Education levels: Lebanese ancestry and Total Arab Sources: U.S. Bureau of the Census, American Community Survey (2007-2009) [From: Helen Samhan (2011) “Trends in Arab American Identity and Demographics”]

  44. Nativity by Ancestry: Lebanese, Total Arab, and (unspecified) “Arab” Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, American Community Survey (2007-2009) From: Helen Samhan (2011) “Trends in Arab American Identity and Demographics”

  45. Model of Immigrants’ Income +10 Income of immigrant Minus Income of Similarly aged and educated native born (percent) Years in the US Overall Average difference 0 0 10 20 30 -10 -20 -30

  46. Arab-AmericanPopulation Distribution in Detroit From: Arab Detroit

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