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INTERNET PROTOCOL ADDRESS

INTERNET PROTOCOL ADDRESS. By: Mohammed J. Razem ID: 2 00 3 0 174 0 12. What is an IP address?. An IP address can also be thought of as the equivalent of a street address or a phone number for a computer or other network device on the Internet.

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INTERNET PROTOCOL ADDRESS

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  1. INTERNET PROTOCOL ADDRESS By: Mohammed J. Razem ID: 20030174012

  2. What is an IP address? • An IP address can also be thought of as the equivalent of a street address or a phone number for a computer or other network device on the Internet. • Internet identifier including information about how to reach a network location. • (via the Internet routing system). • Also a hierarchical identifier. • Network part and Host part. • Host part can be subdivided (subnetting).

  3. IP address Versions • The Internet Protocol has two versions currently in use. Each version has its own definition of an IP address. Because of its prevalence, "IP address" typically refers to those defined by IPv4. • IP version 4 (IPv4) • IP version 6 (IPv6)

  4. IP address Versions IPv4 • IPv4 only uses 32-bit (4 bytes) addresses, which limits the address space to 4,294,967,296 (232) possible unique addresses. • However, many are reserved for special purposes, such as private networks (~18 million addresses) or multicast addresses (~270 million addresses). • This reduces the number of addresses that can be allocated as public Internet addresses, and as the number of addresses available is consumed, an IPv4 address shortage appears to be inevitable in the long run. • This limitation has helped stimulate the push towards IPv6, which is currently in the early stages of deployment and is currently the only contender to replace IPv4.

  5. IP address Versions IPv6 • IPv6 is the new standard protocol for the Internet. Windows Vista, Apple Computer's Mac OS X, and an increasing range of Linux distributions include native support for the protocol, but it is not yet widely deployed elsewhere. • Addresses are 128 bits (16 bytes) wide, which, even with a generous assignment of netblocks, will more than suffice for the foreseeable future. In theory, there would be exactly 2128 unique host interface addresses. Which makes it possible to again encode more routing information into the addresses themselves. • The concept of class was never used in IPv6. • Example: 2001:0db8:85a3:08d3:1319:8a2e:0370:7334

  6. Static and Dynamic IP addresses • When a computer uses the same IP address every time it connects to the network, it is known as a Static IP address. • In contrast, in situations when the computer's IP address changes frequently it is called a Dynamic IP address.

  7. Static and Dynamic IP addresses (Con’t) Static IP Static IP addresses are manually assigned to a computer by an administrator, either through the operating system configuration or through a command (e.g. ipconfig or ifconfig).

  8. Static and Dynamic IP addresses (Con’t) Dynamic IP Dynamic IP Addresses assigned, on LANs or most broadband networks, by Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) servers or BOOTP are used because it reduces the administrative burden of assigning static addresses within a network. In most desktop operating systems, dynamic IP configuration is enabled by default. Dialup and some broadband networks do not use DHCP, but the dynamic IP addressing capability of the Point-to-Point Protocol.

  9. Static and Dynamic IP addresses (Con’t) Zeroconf • Zeroconf or Zero Configuration Networking is a set of techniques that automatically create a usable IP network without configuration or special servers. • This allows inexpert users to connect computers, networked printers, and other items together and expect them to work automatically. • IPv4 uses the 169.254.* set of addresses. • However Microsoft refers to this as Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA) or Internet Protocol Automatic Configuration (IPAC).

  10. Fixed address length Network address 142.16. 16.124 Host address Variable prefix length IP address Structure • By the most common IP version (IPv4), IP addresses are 32-bit values, which are represented usually by four sets of numbers, ranging from 0-255 separated by dots (.). This is referred by as dotted-decimal notation. By dotted-decimal notation, an address might look like this:

  11. Subnetting What is a subnet? It’s the range of logical addresses within the address space that is assigned to an organization. What is subnetting? It’s the hierarchical partitioning of the network address space of an organization (and of the network nodes of an autonomous system) into several subnets.

  12. Subnetting – How? • Subnetting an IP Network can be done for a variety of reasons. The most common reason is to control network traffic. • Applying a subnet mask to an IP address allows you to identify the network and node parts of the address. • Example: Using a test IP address 140.179.240.200 and the default Class B subnet mask 10001100.10110011.11110000.11001000 140.179.240.200 IP Address 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000 255.255.000.000 Subnet Mask -------------------------------------------------------- AND Operation 10001100.10110011.00000000.00000000 140.179.000.000 Network Address

  13. IP address: Classful and Classless • Classful (Obsolete) • Wasteful address architecture. • Network boundaries are fixed at 8, 16 or 24 bits. • (class A, B, and C) • Classless (Classless Inter-Domain Routing) • Efficient architecture. • Network boundaries may occur at any bit. • (e.g. /12, /16, /19, /24 etc)

  14. IP address: Classful • Class A networks are most common and implement the first octet of the network address. Networks of class A will have the first octet within the range of 1-126. Class B networks use the first two octets, the first being in the range of 128-191. The smallest networks are class C networks, and use the first three octets of the network address and implement the first within the range of 192-223.

  15. IP address: Classless • Rather than allocating address blocks on eight-bit (i.e., octet) boundaries forcing 8, 16, or 24-bit prefixes, it used the technique of Variable-Length Subnet Masking (VLSM) to allow allocation on arbitrary-length prefixes. Applying a subnet mask to an IP address allows you to identify the network and node parts of the address. • A CIDR-compliant address is written with a suffix indicating the number of bits in the prefix length, such as 192.168.0.0/16. This permits more efficient use of increasingly scarce IPv4 addresses. • CIDR blocks are identified using a syntax similar to that of IPv4 addresses: a four-part dotted-decimal address, followed by a slash, then a number from 0 to 32: A.B.C.D/N.

  16. IP address: Classless (Con’t) 11000000.10101000.00000101.10000010 192.168.5.130 IP Address 11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000 255.255.255.192 Subnet Mask -------------------------------------------------------- AND Operation 11000000.10101000.00000101.10000000 192.168.5.128 Network Portion • In this example two bits were borrowed from the original host portion. This is beneficial because it allows a single network portion to be split into several smaller network portions. • A /24 prefix, such as a classful C block, for example has space for 254 hosts. If a network were to be split into four parts using a classful prefix, four different /24 addresses would have to be used to serve those networks. • Using the subnetting example above, if each subnetwork were to have 62 hosts or less, a single /24 prefix could be split up to service the entire network while wasting the fewest host addresses.

  17. IP address famous Windows commands At last, we are going to take an overview of the most important and common commands used in Windows and other OS to control IP addresses and routing. • ping ipaddress • ipconfig /all /release /flushdns /renew • tracert • nslookup

  18. Thank you for listening By: Mohammed J. Razem ID: 20030174012

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