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China

China. Scope. Zhou dynasty, ending 6th century BC Period of Warrying States (403-221 BC) Intellectual developments: Confucianism, Daoism, Legalism Political unification: Qin and Han dynasties. Confucius. Kong Fuzi, 551-479 BC Philosophy: pointing at human qualities and relations

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China

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  1. China

  2. Scope • Zhou dynasty, ending 6th century BC • Period of Warrying States (403-221 BC) • Intellectual developments: Confucianism, Daoism, Legalism • Political unification: Qin and Han dynasties

  3. Confucius • Kong Fuzi, 551-479 BC • Philosophy: pointing at human qualities and relations • Politics: official positions to be filled with educated and conscientuous people, „junzi“, deep impact on Chinese history until 20th century • Values: „ren“ (benevolence), „li“ (propriety), „xiao“ (filial piety) • Disciples: Mencius (372-289 BC), Xunzi (298-238 BC)

  4. Daoism • Understanding the world by introspection and reflection • Living in harmony with the world brings harmony to society • „Dao“ = the way, original force of the cosmos, „wuwei“ = disengagement

  5. Legalism • State oriented philosophy • Main representatives: Shang Yang (390-338 BC), Han Feizi (280-233 BC), leading officials at court of Qin • Ideas: agriculture and army as main pillars of the state • Legal system with harsh penalties

  6. The Unification of China • Preconditions: dynamic economic and political development during 4th/3rd centuries BC, peasant immigration encouraged by Shang Yang • Centralisation, weak nobility, military expansion • 221 BC: Qin Shihuangdi – First Emperor • 210 BC: Shihuangdi dies (huge grave, terra cotta army), end of Qin dynasty, however persistence of centralised state

  7. The Terra Cotta Army

  8. Han China

  9. The Han Dynasty • 206 BC: central state restored by Liu Bang (from Han), lasts until 220 AD, interruption 9-23 AD • Former Han: capital Chang‘an, centralism according to Qin tradition • Most important Han emperor: Han Wudi (141-87 BC), „Martial Emperor“, expansion to Vietnam, Korea, conflicts with nomadic Xiongnu empire • Highly organised state, administered by educated elite, 124 BC founding of university based on Confucianism

  10. Economy, Society and Decline • Structure: patriarchal households, agricultural, textile „industries“ • Innovation: iron tools in agriculture, silk production, invention of paper (100 AD) • Decline of Han empire due to social disbalance • Reaction: Wang Mang reforms („socialist emperor“, 9 AD) • Later Han dynasty: capital moved to Luoyang • Ongoing social disbalance, revolts (Yellow Turban Uprising, 2nd century) • Early 3rd century: disintegration of Han Empire, 400 years of disunity

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