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Linguistics week 6

Linguistics week 6. Phonetics 3. How many words, morphemes, syllables, consonants and vowels in the following? Count semivowels as consonants. Greenhouse Red houses Women 我們 Those sheep 老鼠 老太太 玻璃 John drinks coffee 他不喝咖啡. Syllable patterns (actually this is part of Phonology).

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Linguistics week 6

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  1. Linguistics week 6 Phonetics 3

  2. How many words, morphemes, syllables, consonants and vowels in the following? Count semivowels as consonants. • Greenhouse • Red houses • Women • 我們 • Those sheep • 老鼠 • 老太太 • 玻璃 • John drinks coffee • 他不喝咖啡

  3. Syllable patterns (actually this is part of Phonology) • With few exceptions, all syllables have exactly one vowel (V) • In Mandarin, there exist 3 possible patterns • V • CV • CVC, where the last C must be [n] or [ŋ] • English is more flexible • CCCVCCCC is possible, but still only one vowel

  4. Check table 6.2, p243

  5. Parameters for describing consonants • So far (this is not complete yet) we have • Airstream (usually the same for all consonants) • Place of articulation • Voicing • Manner of articulation • So, [p] is … • egressive pulmonic • bilabial • voiceless • plosive

  6. Homework: consonants • For all the plosives, nasals and fricatives that exist in English • Learn the IPA or US system phonetic symbols • IPA is often the same as KK, and all 3 systems are pretty similar • Learn how to describe each one in terms of the four parameters, like we just did for [p]

  7. More manners of articulation: • Trills (articulators collide rapidly and repeatedly) • Bilabial (brrr: not really part of English) [ʙ] • Alveolar (perro dog, in Spanish) [r] • Uvular (Paris, in French) [ʀ] • Tap (usually alveolar) • Like a trill, but only one collision • In Spanish pero but [ɾ]

  8. And glottal consonants… • The glottal stop [ʔ] • Usually without plosion • Used in Cantonese 識唔識, 得唔得 • Taiwanese? • And English, in London accent! • The glottal fricative [h] is generally used to represent English “h”, and ㄏ spoken by Taiwanese people • In mainland Mandarin, it’s [x], a velar fricative

  9. Some other fricative sounds • Mandarin has a voiceless retroflex fricative • It is [ʂ], representing ㄕ • Retroflexion means that the tongue is curled • There is also a voiced retroflex fricative • [ʐ], aka ㄖ • However, some people transcribe this as [ɻ] • They believe it is a retroflex approximant • And, there is a voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative • [ɕ], or ㄒ (only the consonantal part)

  10. Affricates • A plosive followed by a homorganic fricative • Homorganic = “same place of articulation” • so [kf] in breakfast is not an affricate, because [k] and [f] do not have the same place of artic. • [ʣ] and [ʦ] are affricates, but are not normally treated so in English phonology • The only affricate English phonemes are /ʤ/ and /ʧ/

  11. Affricates in Mandarin • /tsʰ/ and /ts/ • /tʂʰ/ and /tʂ/ • /tɕʰ/ and /tɕ/ • Can you guess what they are? • What is the ʰ? • Why have I suddenly started using /asd/ instead of [asd]? (slant brackets instead of square brackets) • ㄘ and ㄗ • ㄔ and ㄓ(retroflex affricate) • ㄐ and ㄑ(alveolo-palatal affricate)

  12. Aspiration • Aspirated and unaspirated consonants • ㄅ is unaspirated [p] • ㄆ is aspirated [ph] (puff of air) • English: spit vs pit (aspiration difference) • Compare pit vs bit • That is a voicing difference • Aspiration is much less important in English than in Chinese • Can you explain why?

  13. Mandarin sounds (not yet) • http://www.wfu.edu/~moran/Cathay_Cafe/IPA_NPA_4.htm

  14. IPA: approximants (all voiced) • An approximant • occurs as a consonant in syllabic patterning (CVC) • but, it’s like a vowel, because the articulators usually don’t touch. • 2 common realizations of /r/ (in addition to the trills described earlier) • [ɻ] retroflex approximant of Mandarin • [ɹ] alveolar approximant of English • A palatal approximant [j], often corresponding to the English spelling “y” • A labial (=with rounded lips) velar approximant [w] • Then there is lateral approximant [l] • Lateral = “side”, that is where the obstruction is

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