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POSSIBLE RESPONSES BY FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN TO THE BEGINNING OF GERMAN REARMAMENT

POSSIBLE RESPONSES BY FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN TO THE BEGINNING OF GERMAN REARMAMENT. Strict enforcement of all provisions of the Versailles Treaty, if necessary through armed force. (But the Treaty appeared largely bankrupt by 1933.) Forge a common front with Italy to deter German expansion.

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POSSIBLE RESPONSES BY FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN TO THE BEGINNING OF GERMAN REARMAMENT

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  1. POSSIBLE RESPONSES BY FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN TO THE BEGINNING OF GERMAN REARMAMENT • Strict enforcement of all provisions of the Versailles Treaty, if necessary through armed force. (But the Treaty appeared largely bankrupt by 1933.) • Forge a common front with Italy to deter German expansion. • Seek an understanding with Hitler by redressing Germany’s legitimate grievances (“appeasement”).

  2. In September 1931 rogue officers planted a bomb near a railway in Mukden to justify a Japanese invasion of Manchuria Japan withdrew from the League of Nations in February 1933 because it would not recognize Manchukuo

  3. In the 1920s France developed alliances with Belgium, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia

  4. Ethnic groups in the “Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, & Slovenes” (1921):Serbs: 44%Croats: 23%Slovenes: 8.5%Muslims: 6.3%The constitution of 1921 centralized power in Belgrade.

  5. King Alexander I imposed dictatorship in 1929 and was assassinated by a Macedonian separatist in October 1934 (with French Foreign Minister Louis Barthou in Marseilles) Internal division made Yugoslavia appear less valuable as a French ally.

  6. The Maginot Line (built 1930-34) reflected declining interest in Eastern European alliances The original plan was adopted jointly with Belgium, but that country soon reverted to neutrality.

  7. After signing the “Ten-Year Polish-German Nonaggression Pact” in January 1934, Marshal Pilsudski received Joseph Goebbels in June, who lectured on “Germany’s Peace Policy.”

  8. Hitler blundered in July 1934 by approving a Nazi Putsch in Austria Government troops surround the biggest radio station in Vienna, seized by Austrian Nazis The murdered Austrian Chancellor, Engelbert Dollfuss. Mussolini mobilized to prevent German intervention.

  9. In the Saar plebiscite of January 13, 1935, 91% of the people voted Yes for reunification with Germany.BELOW: League of Nations peacekeepers monitor the vote. “German Mother, Home to You”

  10. The new Wehrmacht created in 1935 was dedicated to the doctrine of Blitzkrieg with highly mobile armored and mechanized divisions(Nuremberg Party Congress, September 1935)

  11. “The Stresa Front”Pierre Laval, Mussolini, Ramsay MacDonald, and Premier Pierre Flandin pledge to resist German expansionism,April 11, 1935

  12. “CRUISERS THAT ONLY SHOOT EASTWARD”(John Heartfield).Great Britain undermined the Stresa Front with the Anglo-German Naval Agreement of June 1935, in which Germany pledged to build no more than 35% of British naval tonnage.What does the Communist sympathizer Heartfield imply about this agreement?

  13. In October 1935 Italian armies converged on Addis Ababa from Eritrea in the north and Italian Somalia in the south

  14. Italian troops prepare an assault on Makale, Ethiopia, November 1935 Emperor Haile Selasse visits the front after an Italian air raid

  15. Sir Samuel Hoare & Pierre Laval provoked outragein public opinion when they proposed the partitionof Ethiopia in December 1935(see Bell, pp. 117-18)

  16. German troops cross the Rhine on March 7, 1936

  17. “Against the Lackeys of Stalin. Vote Nationalist” (1934) “The Parliamentary Regime is Collapsing! Amend the Constitution” (rightist commentary on the Stavisky Affair, 1934)

  18. The French Popular Front won a great victory in June 1936:Leon Blum and PCF leader Maurice Thorez at a mass rally in July (they had agreed to disarm the “fascist leagues” in Franceand resist any further spread of fascism in Europe)

  19. THE OUTBREAK OF THE SPANISH CIVIL WARAND THE POLICY OF “NONINTERVENTION” February 1936: Popular Front wins 4.8 million votes to 4 million for National Front; the new government amnesties all leftists convicted of political violence. July 17/18, 1936: Assassination of a monarchist politician provokes rebellion by the army & rightist parties. 1936/37: Italy and Germany assist the Spanish army; Great Britain and France adopt a policy of nonintervention. Feb-March 1939: Nationalists capture Madrid & Barcelona.

  20. The initial army uprising of July 1936succeeded only in the dark red zone

  21. Anarchist militiamen with a cannon captured from the Army in Barcelona, July 1936 Soldiers from the Montana barracks in Madrid proclaim their loyalty to the Republic, July 1936

  22. German transport planes arrive in Morocco to airlift Francisco Franco and the Army of Africa to Spain, July 1936

  23. Franco lifts the siege of Toledo, 29 September 1936

  24. Luis Companys (President of Catalonia) greets the captain of the Soviet supply ship RION in Barcelona, September 1936: Only the USSR provided arms to the Republic

  25. Joan Miro,“Help Spain”(1937):“In this struggle I see nothing but obsolete and discredited forces on the fascist side, and on the other side the people, whose immense creative resources will give Spain a spirit that will astonish the world.”

  26. “The Generalissimo”(Socialist Labor Federation caricature of Franco, 1937) George Orwell towers over his comrades as a Republican volunteer, Huesca, 1937

  27. Luftwaffe pilots of the Condor Legion dine in style beside a Heinkel He-45 fighter-bomber

  28. Pablo Picasso,“Guernica”(1937)

  29. Hitler & Mussolini celebrate their “Axis” in Rome, May 1938 Charlie Chaplin as Adenoid Hinkel and Jack Oakie as Benzino Napoloni: The Great Dictator

  30. Republican refugees stream across the French border in 1938: According to Bell, Spain “relegitimized” war for the European Left

  31. The Spanish Earth premiered in New York in August 1937 with narration by Ernest Hemingway; 2,800 Americans fought for the Spanish Republic, and 1,000 died.

  32. Picasso, “Cat and Bird” (1939)

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