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Bio 1108 Reproductive System

Bio 1108 Reproductive System. Male and Female Anatomy. Figure 16.2a Male reproductive organs. Ureter. Urinary bladder. Seminal vesicle. Prostatic urethra. Ampulla of ductus deferens. Pubis. Membranous urethra. Ejaculatory duct. Urogenital diaphragm. Rectum. Erectile tissue

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Bio 1108 Reproductive System

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  1. Bio 1108 Reproductive System Male and Female Anatomy

  2. Figure 16.2a Male reproductive organs. Ureter Urinary bladder Seminal vesicle Prostatic urethra Ampulla of ductus deferens Pubis Membranous urethra Ejaculatory duct Urogenital diaphragm Rectum Erectile tissue of the penis Prostate Bulbourethral gland Spongy urethra Shaft of the penis Ductus (vas) deferens Glans penis Epididymis Testis Prepuce (a) Scrotum External urethral orifice

  3. Male Anatomy The Path of Sperm Testis Epididymis Ductus Deferens Urethra M=Models FP= Fetal Pig Testis-M, FP Epididymus-M Ductus deferens-M, FP Seminal vesicle-M Prostrate-M Urethra –M, FP Penis-M, FP Microscope sperm 3 4 5 6 7 2 1

  4. Ductus (vas) Deferens is inside Spermatic cord Blood vessels and nerves 3 Seminiferous tubule Rete testis Ductus (vas) deferens Lobule 2 Septum Tunica albuginea Epididymis Produces sperm 1

  5. BLADDER URETHRA PENIS TESTES DUCTUS DEFERENS

  6. URETHRA PENIS TESTES Vas Deferens (model-inside cord)

  7. bladder Testes Vas deferens Urethra Penis BLADDER

  8. bladder Male Reproductive System Testes Vas deferens Urethra Penis BLADDER

  9. VAS DEFERENS BLADDER BLADDER VAS DEFERENS SEMINAL VESICLE PROSTRATE PENIS PENIS EPIDIDYMIS TESTES TESTES

  10. Urinary bladder Ureter Prostate Ampulla of ductus deferens Seminal vesicle Prostatic urethra Ejaculatory Duct Orifices of prostatic ducts Bulbourethral gland Membranous urethra Ductus deferens Root of penis Erectile tissue of penis Epididymis Shaft (body) of penis Testis Spongy urethra Glans penis Prepuce External urethral orifice (b)

  11. Spermatogenesis: • Sperm Production • Starts at Puberty • Located in the Seminiferous Tubules • Mitosis of Spermatogonium • Produces 2 cells • One remains for Mitosis • The other continues • Meiosis I: genetic variation introduced • Meiosis II How One cell of 2n (diploid) DNA becomes four cells of n (haploid) DNA Seminiferous tubule Basement membrane Daughter cell type A (remains at basement membrane as a stem cell) Spermatogonium (stem cell) Mitosis Growth Daughter cell type B (moves toward tubule lumen) Enters prophase of meiosis I Primary spermatocyte Meiosis I completed Meiosis Secondary spermatocytes Meiosis II Early spermatids Spermatogenesis Late spermatids Following Meiosis I and II: All spermatids have and half the amount of DNA- n, they are haploid. Spermiogenesis -last stage of sperm development: Sperm develop a flagella Spermiogenesis Sperm Lumen of seminiferous tubule next EPIDIDYMIS

  12. Figure 16.5 Structure of sperm. Plasma membrane Neck Tail Head Midpiece Distal centriole Axial filament of tail Acrosome Nucleus Mitochondria (a) Proximal centriole (b)

  13. Hypothalamus The hypothalamus releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). 1 Hormonal Control of Sperm Production: It begins in the Brain . Hormones are produced released to the blood. Hormones travel by the blood to target tissues. GNRH travels to the pituitary and stimulates the release of LH. The LH travels to the Testis. Testosterone increases in the Seminiferous Tubules. FSH released by the pituitary travels to the Testis. 1 GnRH GnRH stimulates the anterior pituitary to release gonadotropins—FSH and LH. 2 Anterior pituitary FSH stimulates spermatogenic cells to produce sperm. 3 5 2 LH stimulates the interstitial cells to release testosterone, which serves as the final trigger for spermatogenesis. Testosterone then enhances spermatogenesis. 4 FSH LH Testosterone 4 3 5 Rising level of testosterone exerts feedback inhibition on the hypothalamus and pituitary. 5 • LH stimulates Testosterone production. Testosterone Levels Increase. • FSH Stimulates Sperm Production. Number of Sperm increase. • For Sperm development to occur the testosterone levels must increase. Testosterone Primary and secondary sex characteristics Seminiferous tubule in testis Supporting cell FSH and testosterone stimulate sperm production Spermatogenic cells Spermatogenesis Negative Feedback when there are too many Sperm. KEY: Stimulates Inhibits

  14. Female Anatomy Suspensory ligament of ovary (part of broad ligament) Infundibulum Uterine tube Ovary Fimbriae Uterus (fundus) Uterosacral ligament Round ligament Urinary bladder Pubic symphysis Rectum Mons pubis Cervix Urethra Clitoris Vagina Anus Hymen Labium minus Greater vestibular gland Labium majus (a)

  15. Female Anatomy THE Path of the Egg Ovary Uterine Tube Uterus Vagina 1 2 3 Microscope follicle 4

  16. OVARY Uterine Tube VAGINA BLADDER URETHRA UTERUS

  17. Figure 16.8b The human female reproductive organs. Suspensory ligament of ovary Uterine (fallopian) tube Ovarian blood vessels Fundus of uterus Lumen (cavity) of uterus Ovary Infundibulum Broad ligament Uterine tube Fimbriae Ovarian ligament Round ligament of uterus Body of uterus Endometrium Wall of uterus Myometrium Perimetrium Ureter Cervical canal Uterine blood vessels Uterosacral ligament Vagina Cervix (b)

  18. OVARY UTERINE HORN VAGINA BLADDER URETHRA OVARY UTERUS VAGINA BLADDER URETHRA

  19. bladder ovary vagina Urogenital sinus Uterine horns Female reproductive system

  20. bladder ovary vagina Urogenital sinus URETHRA Female Reproductive Organs

  21. OVARY UTERINE HORN VAGINA BLADDER URETHRA OVARY UTERUS VAGINA BLADDER URETHRA

  22. Follicle Development in Ovary Meiotic Events Before birth Oogonium (stem cell) 2n Follicle cells Mitosis Oocyte Primary follicle Primary oocyte 2n Growth Primary follicle Primary oocyte (arrested in prophase I; present at birth) 2n (ovary inactive) Childhood Monthly from puberty to menopause Primary follicle Primary oocyte (still arrested in prophase I) 2n Growing follicle Mature vesicular (Graafian) follicle Meiosis I (completed by one primary oocyte each month) Secondary oocyte (arrested in metaphase II) n First polar body Ovulation Sperm Ovulated secondary oocyte Meiosis II of polar body (may or may not occur) Meiosis II completed (only if sperm penetration occurs) n n n n Polar bodies (all polar bodies degenerate) Second polar body Ovum

  23. Oogenesis: • Ovum Production • Starts in fetal stage • Located in the Ovary • Mitosis of Oogonium: Produces 2 n cells • Meiosis I starts but then stops. Genetic Variation is introduced. • 2 million Primary Oocytes • All Primary Oocytes are surrounded by cells forming Primary Follicles that will • remain in Suspended Animation until • Age 10 to 14 years • With the onset of Puberty, every 28 Days a few of the Primary Follicles undergo Meiosis I (finish what was started) and Meiosis II (starts but then stops). • Primary Oocyte becomes Secondary Oocyte • Secondary Oocyte is released by the Ovary. • Meiosis II is completed with fertilization by Sperm. • Fetus 1 2 Suspended Animation • Birth to Puberty 3 • Age 10 to 14 years to 50’s 4 4.2 5 5.2 How One cell of 2n DNA becomes One cell of n DNA with 3 Polar Bodies

  24. Every 28 Days a few of the Primary Follicles undergo Meiosis I (finish what was started) and Meiosis II (starts but then stops). Primary Oocyte becomes Secondary Oocyte . Secondary Oocyte is released by the Ovary Figure 16.7 Sagittal view of a human ovary showing the developmental stages of an ovarian follicle. Growing follicles Primary follicle Degenerating corpus luteum Blood vessels Antrum Corona radiata Mature vesicular (Graafian) follicle Germinal epithelium Corpus luteum Developing corpus luteum Ruptured follicle Ovulation Secondary oocyte

  25. Figure 16.12a Hormonal interactions of the female cycles. (a) Fluctuation of gonadotropin levels: Fluctuating levels of pituitary gonadotropins (FSH and LH) in the blood regulate the events of the ovarian cycle. LH Plasma hormone level FSH Primary follicle stimulated Day 0 Day 14: Ovulation-release of Secondary OOCYTE from Mature Follicle Day 28

  26. Figure 16.12b Hormonal interactions of the female cycles. Spike in temperature (b) Ovarian cycle: Structural changes in the ovarian follicles during the ovarian cycle are correlated with (d) changes in the endometrium of the uterus during the uterine cycle. Ovulation Corpus luteum Primary follicle Secondary follicle Vesicular follicle Degenerating corpus luteum Follicular phase Ovulation (Day 14) Luteal phase After Ovulation: 24 hour window for fertilization by sperm

  27. Day 14 -15

  28. Figure 16.16a Cleavage is a rapid series of mitotic divisions that begins with the zygote and ends with the blastocyst. (a) Zygote (fertilized egg) Zona pellucida Fertilization (sperm meets and enters egg) Sperm Uterine tube Ovary Oocyte (egg) Day 17 Uterus Ovulation Endometrium Day 14 Cavity of uterus

  29. Figure 16.12c Hormonal interactions of the female cycles. Preparing the Uterus for the Blastocyst Day 17: Blastocyst arrives at Uterus (c) Fluctuation of ovarian hormone levels: Fluctuating levels of ovarian hormones (estrogens and progesterone) cause the endometrial changes of the uterine cycle. The high estrogen levels are also responsible for the LH/FSH surge in (a). Estrogens Plasma hormone level Progesterone Day 14: Ovulation-release OOCYTE

  30. Day 14: Ovulation-release OOCYTE Day 17: Blastocyst arrives at Uterus Menstrual Phase Suspended: No Menses • (d) The three phases of the uterine cycle: • Menstrual: Shedding of the functional • layer of the endometrium. • Proliferative: Rebuilding of the • functional layer of the endometrium. • Secretory: Begins immediately after • ovulation. Enrichment of the blood • supply and glandular secretion of • nutrients prepare the endometrium to • receive an embryo. Blood vessels Endometrial glands Functional layer Menstrual flow 1 5 10 15 20 25 28 Days Basal layer Menstrual phase Proliferative phase Secretory phase The menstrual and proliferative phases occur before ovulation, and together correspond to the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle. The secretory phase corresponds in time to the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle. Fertilization of Oocyte by Sperm

  31. Day 14: Ovulation-release OOCYTE Menstrual Phase occurs: Menses No Fertilization • (d) The three phases of the uterine cycle: • Menstrual: Shedding of the functional • layer of the endometrium. • Proliferative: Rebuilding of the • functional layer of the endometrium. • Secretory: Begins immediately after • ovulation. Enrichment of the blood • supply and glandular secretion of • nutrients prepare the endometrium to • receive an embryo. Blood vessels Endometrial glands Functional layer Menstrual flow 1 5 10 15 20 25 28 Days Basal layer Menstrual phase Proliferative phase Secretory phase The menstrual and proliferative phases occur before ovulation, and together correspond to the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle. The secretory phase corresponds in time to the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle.

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