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Understanding Nonruminant and Ruminant Digestive Systems in Animal Science

This overview explores the complexities of the nonruminant and ruminant digestive systems, detailing the roles of various digestive organs, secretions, and nutrient absorption processes. It highlights the significant differences between avian and mammalian digestive systems, covering aspects like chewing, fermentation, and nutrient requirements. Additionally, the course examines carbohydrate, protein, and lipid digestion in these animals, illustrating how dietary composition influences health and production outcomes. This knowledge is essential for optimizing animal nutrition and management.

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Understanding Nonruminant and Ruminant Digestive Systems in Animal Science

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  1. INTRODUCTION TO ANIMAL SCIENCE 320

  2. COURSE OUTCOMES

  3. SCHEDULE

  4. EVALUATION AND GRADE SCALE

  5. DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS REVIEWPages 68-82 Nonruminant Digestive Tract

  6. FUNCTIONS OF PARTS OF THE NONRUMINANT DIGESTIVE TRACT • Mouth • Chewing • Taste • Secretion of saliva • Amylase? • Stomach • Secretions • Hydrochloric acid • Protease • Pepsinogen → Pepsin • Hormone • Gastrin

  7. Small intestine • Secretions • Pancreas • Proteases • Trypsinogen → Trypsin • Chymotrypsinogen → Chymotrypsin • Procarboxypeptidase → Carboxypeptidase • Carbohydrase • Amylase • Lipase • Lipase • Liver • Bile salts • Intestinal mucosa • Carbohydrases • Maltase • Lactase • Sucrase • Peptidases • Gut hormones • Secretin • Cholecystokinin • Absorption • Large intestine • Structural carbohydrate fermentation

  8. REVIEW OF NUTRIENT DIGESTION IN NONRUMINANTS

  9. REVIEW OF NUTRIENT DIGESTION IN NONRUMINANTS

  10. SIGNIFICANCE OF NONRUMINANT DIGESTION • Endproducts of nonruminant digestion are the simple nutrients derived directly from the complex nutrients in the diet • Implications • Nonruminant nutrient requirements must be met directly from the diet • Essential Amino acids • Phenylalanine • Valine • Tryptophan • Threonine • Isoleucine • Methionine • Histidine • Arginine • Leucine • Lysine • Nutrient composition of nonruminant animal products resemble the nutrient composition of the diet

  11. AVIAN DIGESTIVE TRACT

  12. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN AVIAN AND NONRUMINANT MAMMALIAN DIGESTIVE TRACTS • Mouth • No teeth • No amylase • Esophagus • Has crop for feed storage • Stomach • Proventriculus before feed is ground • Gizzard (Venticulus) • Grinds feed • Small intestine • No lactase • Large intestine • Small in most species • Cloaca • Organ where feces mixed with urinary waste products

  13. RUMINANT DIGESTIVE TRACT

  14. FUNCTIONS OF PARTS OF THE RUMINANT DIGESTIVE TRACT • Mouth • Prehension of feed • Lips and tongue • Chewing • Eating and Rumination • Taste • Avoidance • Secretion of saliva • Secretion of buffers • NaHCO3 and NaH2PO4 • Maintain rumen pH • Recycling of N, Na, P, and water to rumen • Bloat prevention • Esophagus • Involved in rumination and eructation

  15. Stomach • Reticulum, rumen & omasum • Fermentation • Absorption of fermentation endproducts • Abomasum • Secretion of hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen • Small intestine • Similar to nonruminant • No sucrase • Large intestine • Similar to nonruminant • More important in browsing species

  16. CARBOHYDRATE DIGESTION IN RUMINANTS Starch Structural CHO Methane Undegraded Small intestine (Digestion similar to NR) Fermented Volatile fatty acids (VFA) Liver & peripheral tissues Energy and fat synthesis

  17. PROTEIN DIGESTION IN RUMINANTS True protein NPN Undegraded Small intestine Metabolizable Degraded protein Recycled via saliva (20% of dietary N) NH3 Microbial protein NH3 Liver Urea Kidney Excreted

  18. LIPID DIGESTION IN RUMINANTS Fat Undegraded Small intestine (Digestion similar to NR) Degraded Glycerol VFA Long chain FA Saturated FA Liver & peripheral tissues Energy and fat synthesis

  19. SIGNIFICANCE OF RUMINANT DIGESTION • Greater digestion of plant fiber than nonruminants • Major endproducts of carbohydrates are the VFAs • High forage diets→More acetate (C2)→More milk fat • High grain diets→More propionate (C3)→Greater body weight • Low amounts of glucose absorbed • High producing dairy cows subject to ketosis • Protein requirement is primarily met by rumen degradable N • Rumen undegradable protein needed by high producing dairy cows or growing cattle • No requirement for essential amino acids • Ruminant animal products (meat and milk) contain high concentrations of saturated fatty acids (and CLA)

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