ENGLAND’S INDUSTRIALIZATION AND ITS SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES SSWH15:a .

1. ENGLAND’S INDUSTRIALIZATION AND ITS SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES SSWH15:a.

2. Time and Geography

4. ECONOMIC

5. Prerequisites for Industrial Production • Upsurge in world trade • Colonies: new markets, new exports • Intra-European trade also grew • Rising population • In most of the Continent and England • Death rate fell, birth rate rose • Increased money flow • Money needed to finance purchasing • Building new factories, port facilities, warehouses • Capital raised by stocks, partnerships, issue of paper money • Experienced managers and entrepreneurs • London, Antwerp, Amsterdam • Experience in organizing, managing large businesses Managers were selected from upper-middle class

6. Agriculture and Industry • Agrarian improvements • Crop yields had to increase to feed growing urban workforce • High-yield New World crops (potato) revolutionized output • Most important step was enclosing open fields • Use of fertilizer, crop rotation, hybrid seeds, land drainage • Landowners began producing for market: agrarian capitalism An African American farmhand on a Flatbush farm in the early twentieth century

7. Agriculture and Industry • Changes in Mechanized Production • Main idea: lessen unit cost of production through improved technology • Consumption changes due to more, cheaper familiar products, not new items • Most early industrial products were variations on previously hand-worked items • Sophisticated or new products came only gradually A factory

8. The Factory • Putting-out system • People take in raw material, work it into finished product • Same entrepreneur supplies raw materials, finds workers, collects final product • He bears all risks, gets all profits • Wages were important to rural families A man running a lathe

9. The Factory • Factory system • Extremely important in changing lifestyles • Entrepreneur brings many people under one roof to work • Paid on fixed scale, under tight discipline • Employees no longer had any say over production Victorian sewing factory

10. Why England Led the Industrial Revolution • Entrepreneurial • Population increase • New source of energy: steam • Agricultural improvements • Key raw materials • Transportation network • Variety of mechanical inventions: perfected the steam engine An early steam engine

11. Society and Economy

12. Spread of the Industrial Revolution • Why Industrial Revolution spread slowly at first • No other country had all essential advantages • England tried to keep techniques secret • Napoleonic wars disrupted commerce, communications • Continent began to industrialize about 1830 • Belgium, France • Rhine River Valley • Eastern Europe, Russia, Iberia almost untouched • Lacked at least one of the essential factors • Became permanent clients of industrial nations • Industrialization was neither automatic nor inevitable

13. Railroads • New invention, spread rapidly • Many private railroads were bankrupt, taken over by government • Steam locomotive was heart of system • Greatly reduced costs of shipping, travel, and increased security

16. Phases of the Industrial Revolution • First Industrial Revolution, 1760-1820 • British dominance • Energy supplied by steam • Produced textiles, iron Iron being forged

17. Phases of the Industrial Revolution • Second Industrial Revolution, later 19th C • Leadership shifted to Germany, U.S. • Energy supplied by electricity • Chemical, petroleum industries Power lines

18. Phases of the Industrial Revolution • Third Industrial Revolution, present day • Spread to many countries • Older industrial countries have moved to post-industrial society • Manufacturing replaced by services, information A desktop computer

20. SOCIAL

21. The Structure of the Family and Household Major changes in family structure mid-18th C - beforeindustry Three noticeable changes: • Lowering of marriage age (27 to 22/23.5) • Increase in number of wedlock children in towns, but soon in rural areas • Increase in aged persons (over 60) who had to be cared for by younger generations

22. Children in the Industrial Revolution • Place of children before 18th C • People didn’t care closely for young children – too likely they would die from disease, famine, accidents • Peasants, workers saw children as a drain, not an asset • Urban and wealthy classes also distant • Children were social security for parents’ old age

23. Children in the Industrial Revolution • Change 1750-1850 • More love, tenderness toward newborns, youngsters • Why? • Declining child mortality rates • More middle class, who valued children for what they were • Influence of educational reformers • State-supervised, funded schools provided general public education 1800's San Francisco Children

24. Relations between Men and Women • Social relations more free (premarital sex) • Harder for some women to marry • Fewer eligible males • Women often badly exploited Women were often badly exploited

25. ECONOMIC

26. Occupations and Mobility • Increasing numbers in urban occupations, non-manual work • Farm laborers displaced, forced to move to cities • A few took up skilled trades or non-manual work, moved up social scale • Very real threat of unemployment, even starvation New York police violently attacking unemployed workers in Tompkins Square Park, 1874.

27. Occupations and Mobility • Female occupations • Could stay at home, hope to marry, or work as domestic servants • Many servants remained this for life • Increasingly, women could work at machinery • Replaced males in unskilled jobs • Worked for lower wages • Many women preferred factory work to domestic service • Many women preferred factory work to domestic service

28. THE MIGRATION TO THE CITIES: URBANIZED STUDY • Urban migration motives • Curiosity and desire for change • Desire to improve economic, social status • Desire to find better marital partners • Towns grew in spite of lack of local food production • Urban growth • Huge increases - 1851, majority of population was urban • New industry, manufacturing concentrated in smaller towns – cheap land, close to raw materials • Urban classes • Nobility • Upper middle class – bourgeoisie • Lower middle class • Working class

29. Diet and Nutrition • Pre-Revolution • Uneven mix of different foods • Local famines commonplace • No transportation network to move food • Considerable improvement by 1800 • Improved transportation • More productive agricultural methods • More grain from eastern Europe • Potatoes, dairy products, meat, fish added • Impact on health • Wealthy protein-rich diets more balanced • Poor had potatoes • More fruits, vegetables for middle classes • An apple

30. Public Health • Medical, surgical conditions changed little • Doctors not getting formal training, much quackery • Modern medical theories still unknown • Conditions for mentally ill barely beginning to improve • Housing, sanitation • Overcrowding in cheap rental housing • Even most basic sanitation was missing • No privacy at all • Reason for growth in towns: migration

31. Living Standards • Gap between rich and poor widened • Wealthy: self-indulgent lifestyle, great wealth seen as reward for merit • Middle classes: more modest, devoted energies to their businesses • Working classes: extremely hard time, increased poverty • Reforms and improvements • Began attacking worst of abuses • Factory Acts limited child labor, required education • Working class families resisted; needed child income • Little done to improve sanitation until cholera epidemic; convinced middle classes that reform was to their advantage

32. REVIEW

33. Discussion Questions • The Industrial Revolution is one of a handful of “watershed” events in history, events for which there are drastic and permanent changes and a clear “before” and “after.” Specifically, what were the social and economic changes – what was the pre-revolutionary situation and how did it change? What social group experienced the most change? What changes were those? Be specific. 2. The Industrial Revolution was not a single event, but rather three sequential revolutions: the First, Second, and Third Industrial Revolutions. How would you compare each to the other; how did goals, inventions, scope and spread change? Which revolutionary period do you think caused the most change from the previous condition? Why do you choose that one; what were those changes?