A Discursive Perspective on the Construction of an Environmental Acquis in the EU and ASEAN

1. A Discursive Perspective on the Construction of an Environmental Acquis in the EU and ASEAN Yoichiro Usui (usui@nuis.ac.jp) Niigata University of International and Information Studies Paper submitted to: The 2007 UACES Research Conference: Exchanging Ideas on Europe The University of Portsmouth, 3-5 September 2007.

3. Theoretical Concerns The Acquis Communautaire, or an Acquis Politique Formal: The Unity of Single Normative Order (Azoulai 2005) Informal: Shared Values/World Views (Wiener 2000; J�rgensen 1999) How an Acquis Evolves? / How an Acquis is Resilient? Endogenous Factors: Institutionalism: a Historical Version Daily Practices: Path Dependency and Unexpected Consequences Factors of Sunk Costs of Policy-Making, Institutional Barriers to Reform and the Rising Price of Exit (Pierson 1998: 45) Exdogenous Factors: the Sources of Normative Discourses Multilateral Arrangements outside of Region-Building Projects Penetration of Discourses originated from Outside into the Acquis

4. Empirical Parts Evolutionary Processes, not Outcomes The EEC before the SEA of 1987 ASEAN before Hanoi Action Plan of 1998 Before the Breakthrough of Fully-fledged Regional Projects Comparative Considerations Initial Institutional Settings: No Remarks about the Environment Environmental Action Programmes: Daily Practices External Environmental Policy Relations: Sources of Discourses

5. EEC: Evolving Envi. Governance No Environmental Legal Base in Basic Treaties, but.. Massive Environmental Legislation / Three EAPs until the SEA Environmental Interpretation to Art. 2 EEC (Mastellone 1981) Harmonisation for Common Market Building (Art. 100 EEC) Basic Community Objectives (Art. 235 EEC) Institutional Practices: Evolution from the acquis politique The 1st to 5th EAPs: Non-Binding Documents Resolution for Comitology (OJ 1975 C168/5): Committee on Adaptation to Technical & Scientific Progress Gentlemen�s Agreement (OJ 1973 C9/1): Notification of National Measures

6. EEC: Exogenous Factors No Competences for Environmental International Agreements Article 235: A Backdoor to International Agreements Article 229: Cooperation with International Agencies ERTA (Case 22/70) and Rhine (Opinion 1/76): External Competences Entering into International Conventions 24 Instruments (including protocols/additional agreement) Paris/Barcelona/Bonn/Berne/Gdansk � Sea/River/Wildlife/Air Secondary Legislation referring to International Conventions 9 Directives/3 Decisions/5 Recomm. /5 Resolutions before SEA Exchange Letters with International Agencies CoE(59); FAO(62); UNESCO(64); WHO(72); UNEP(83) Planning by the First EAP of International Collaboration UNESCO/WHO/FAO/WMO/IAEA/OECD/GATT/CoE/NATO

7. ASEAN: Overview A Potential Power 10 countries and 550m people; big development gap (CLMV) The Driving Force in East Asian Regionalism: Plus 3 or 6 An Evolutionary Process of Regionalism Established in 1967 under the Cold War ASEAN 2020 of 1997 and the Hanoi Plan of Action of 1998 Concord II of 2003 and Vientiane Action Plan of 2004 In 2007, the Charter: majority-voting & a court-like organ? Three Pillars Political (APC), Economic (AEC), Socio-Cultural (ASCC)

8. ASEAN Environmental Governance The ASEAN Way different from the EU Soft Law Formulation of Common Action Frameworks National Implementation of ASEAN Policy Guidelines Non-interference and No Compliance Procedure In Constitutive Documents, no Remarks about the Envi., but.. Soft Commitments by Political Declarations and Action Programmes Manila (81); Bangkok (84); Jakarta (87); Kuala Lumpur (90); Singapore (92); Bandar Seri Begawan (94); Jakarta (97) Heritage Preservation (84); Nature Conservation (85); Transboundary Pollution (95); Haze (97) The Emergence of an Acquis Politique

9. ASEAN: Evolving Envi. Governance Four Action Programmes since the late 1970s until 1997 ASEP I (78-)/II (83-)/III (87-)/Strategic Action Plans (94-) Individual Projects and Policy Guidelines Institutional Development Expert Groups (AEGE) under Science/Tech. Committee (COST) Then upgraded to Senior Officials Meeting (ASOEN) under the aegis of ASC and AMME (Formal and Informal), supported by the Secretariat Expert Networks Six Working Groups/Leading Countries: Intergovernmental Networks Transboundary Air Pollution/Sea & Marine/Nature Conservation/Information and Education/Environmental Economics/Environmental Management Agencies-like Institution ASEAN Regional Center for Biodiversity Conservation

10. ASEAN: Exogenous Factors The 1972 UNCHE & UNEP Montevideo Plans A Background of the 1981 Manila Declaration UNEP Regional Sea Programmes: East Asian Seas Programme The Catalytic Support by the UNEP and UNDP The Making of ASEPs (I/II): Drafting Supported by the UNEP Individual Projects for Capacity-building of ASEAN Countries The Implementation of the 1992 Rio Commitments The 1994 Strategic Action Plans and the 1998 Hanoi Plan The Unity of ASEAN Countries in the CSD and the CBD Responses to the Montreal Protocol & the Basel Convention

11. Concluding Remarks Evolving Regional Environmental Governance An Endogenous Factor: Not a Big Political Grand Bargain Daily Institutional Practices: Evolving Acquis Politique Penetration of Envi. Discourses into Regional Common Agendas Why Envi. Discourses become Resilient in Contestation? An Exogenous Factor: Sources of Discourses: Multilateral Arrangements outside of Region-building Projects � Region-wide or UN systems A Future Research Agenda Comparison with other Issue-Areas: Some Cases of Conflict