Thinking About Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behavior

1. Thinking About Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behavior Charles T. Blair-Broeker Randal M. Ernst

2. States of Consciousness Chapter 09

3. Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms Module 20

4. Introduction Module 20: Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms

5. Consciousness • Awareness of oneself and one’s environment

6. Body Rhythms Module 20: Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms

7. Biological Rhythms • Periodic physiological fluctuations • Can affect physiological functioning • Fall into three main categories • Circadian Rhythms • Ultradian Rhythms • Infradian Rhythms

8. Circadian Rhythms • Biological rhythms that occur approximately every 24 hours • Example: Sleep-wake cycle

9. Sleep and Circadian Rhythms • Play “Sleep and Circadian Rhythms” (6:09) Module #13 from The Brain: Teaching Modules (2nd edition).

10. Circadian Rhythms • Play “Circadian Rhythms” (3:58) Segment #9 from Psychology: The Human Experience.

11. Ultradian Rhythms • Biological rhythms that occur more than once each day • Example: Stages of sleep throughout the night

12. Infradian Rhythms • Biological rhythms that occur once a month or once a season • Example: Women’s menstrual cycle

13. Biological Rhythms • Play “Can You Beat Jet Lag?” (6:44) Segment #15 from Scientific American Frontiers: Video Collection for Introductory Psychology (2nd edition).

14. Sleep and Sleep Deficit Module 20: Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms

15. Sleep Deprivation Effects • Decreases efficiency of immune system functioning • Safety and accident issues • Contributes to hypertension, impaired concentration, irritability, etc.

16. Sleep Deprivation(National Transportation Safety Board, 1995)

17. Sleep Deprivation Studies • Play “Catching Catnaps” (11:45) Segment #13 from Scientific American Frontiers: Video Collection for Introductory Psychology (2nd edition).

18. Why We Sleep Module 20: Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms

19. Hypothalamus • Sleep control center in the brain • Monitors changes in light or dark in the environment • Changes levels of hormones in the body

20. Melatonin • A hormone that helps regulate daily biological rhythms • Linked to the sleep-wake cycle • Melatonin level increases during the night and decreases with exposure to morning light

21. Reasons for Sleep • Two primary reasons: • Preservation: keep us protected from the dangers of the night • Restoration: recuperate from the wear and tear of the day

22. Sleep Stages, REM, and Dreaming:The Stages of Sleep Module 20: Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms

23. Electroencephalograph (EEG) • A machine that amplifies and records waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain’s surface • Electrodes are placed on the person’s scalp to measure the waves • Used as a means to measure the stages of sleep

24. EEG

25. Stage 1 Sleep • Breathing is slowed. • Brain waves become irregular. • It is easy to wake the person, who will insist they are not asleep. • Person will report they have dreamlike sensations, such as falling.

26. Stage 1

27. Stages of Sleep

28. Stage 1

29. Stage 2 Sleep • Brain wave cycle slows. • EEG spindles (small brain wave bursts) develop. • First time through stage 2 last about 20 minutes.

30. Stage 2

31. Stages 3 and 4 Sleep • Increase in delta waves (large and slow waves per second) • First time through stage 4 is about 30 minutes and is where one gets rejuvenated

32. Stage 3

33. Stage 4

34. Sleep • Play “Sleep: Brain Functions” (11:12) Module #14 from The Brain: Teaching Modules (2nd edition).

35. Sleep Stages, REM, and Dreaming:REM Sleep Module 20: Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms

36. REM Sleep • Stages 1 - 4 considered N-REM (non-REM sleep) • Rapid eye movement (REM Sleep) as eyes move quickly back and forth • Most dreaming occurs in REM sleep

37. REM Sleep

38. Paradoxical Sleep • During REM sleep brain wave patterns are similar to when a person is awake • Pulse and breathing quickens. • REM sleep is sometimes called paradoxical sleep as one’s physiology is close to that of being awake but the brainstem blocks all muscle movement

39. REM Sleep • Play “REM Sleep and Dreams” (8:23) Module #15 from The Brain: Teaching Modules (2nd edition).

40. Typical Night’s Sleep

41. Stage 4/REM Changes

42. Sleep Changes through Life

43. Sleep Stages, REM, and Dreaming:Why Do We Dream? Module 20: Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms

44. Information-Processing Theory • Dreams serve an important memory- related function by sorting and sifting through the day’s experiences • Research suggests REM sleep helps memory storage.

45. Physiological Function Theory • Neural activity during REM sleep provides periodic stimulation of the brain.

46. Activation-Synthesis Theory • Dreams are the mind’s attempt to make sense of random neural firings in the brain as one sleeps.

47. Dream Research • Play “What’s in a Dream?” (13:00) Segment #14 from Scientific American Frontiers: Video Collection for Introductory Psychology (2nd edition).

48. Sleep Disorders and Sleep Problems:Insomnia Module 20: Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms

49. Insomnia • Recurring problems falling asleep or staying asleep • Sleeping pills tend to inhibit or suppress REM sleep; worsen the problem • Alcohol suppresses REM sleep; also worsens the problem • Studies show most people overestimate how long it took them to get to sleep

50. Sleep Disorders and Sleep Problems:Sleep Apnea Module 20: Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms