Bell Starter

1. Bell Starter List the year and events for Roots of the American Revolution You have 15 minutes to complete this task

2. USH Goal 1 Goal 1: The New Nation (1789-1820) The learner will identify, investigate, and assess the effectiveness of the institutions on the emerging republic.

3. Origins of a New Nation Provides a brief overview of the history of North American and of the United States, beginning with the first peoples to live in North American, the American Revolution, and the birth of the United States, and ending with the creation of the Constitution and the nation’s early struggles.

4. Forming a New Nation: A New American Government • After the American Revolution, the Articles of Confederation were adopted as our nation's first government. • The AOC was based on the consent of the governed. • Allowed Congress to pass two laws: • Land Ordinance-a system of surveying lands in the Northwest Territory (land north of the Ohio River and stretched west from Penn. To the Mississippi River) and outlined how to sell the land to settlers. • Northwest Ordinance-described how territories would be governed, how territories could become states, and provided the basis for public education.

5. Why did the AOC fail? • The federal government did not have enough power. Their power was limited. • The states were required to cooperate in order to function. • States interest often conflicted with national interest (all states had one vote regardless of size. • Laws required 2/3 of the states (9) • Amendments required all states (13)

6. Why did the AOC fail? • No Executive branch (President). • Congress had the power declare war and conduct war • Could regulate trade with foreign countries • Federal government did not control interstate commerce and could not levy taxes. • Shay's Rebellion showed that there was dangers in the construction of the AOC.

7. Shays' Rebellion • Led by Daniel Shays • A Massachusetts resident, Shays was a farmer. The state decided to pay war debts by taxing land. • Farmers could not afford their debts. • Protestors stormed the courts forcing the courts to close and blocking foreclosures. • The rebellion was put down, but the federal gov't realized it needed more power in order to enforce laws. • A call was made to “reform” the AOC.

8. Constitutional Convention • James Madison kept detailed notes of the secret proceedings. He is known as the “Father of the Constitution.” • The New Jersey Plan-called for a unicameral (one house) legislature representing the states being equal (having one vote). [*favors small states] • Virginia Plan called for a bicameral legislature (House of Representatives and a Senate) with representation based on populations. President to command the armed forces and to manage foreign relations.

9. Great Compromise • AKA Connecticut Compromise • Roger Sherman • Settled the difference between Va. and N.J. plans by creating a • Bicameral legislature • Upper house (Senate) provides equal representation. Two senators per state • Lower house (House of Reps) represented population. Granting more power to larger states

10. 3/5 Compromise • North larger states—more population • Issue: slaves counted as population or property • Solution: every 5 slaves counted as 3 people for both representation and taxation purposes. • Gave no rights to enslaved African Americans • It added to state’s population boosting the number of seats for the south in Congress

11. Ratification • Constitution now written but not yet law of the land • Ratification: official approval (9 of 13 states) • Federalists v. Antifederalists

12. 1789: A Dynamic Year • Congress approved the Bill of Rights appeasing Federalists and Antifederalists causing the ratification of the Constitution. [The states ratified the amendments in 1791.] • Judiciary Act of 1789 • Established the United States judiciary made up of 13 federal district courts, one for each state and the authority of the Supreme Court. • Established office of Attorney General- prosecute and defend cases for federal government. • John Jay became the first Chief Justice appointed by Washington.

13. Key Ideas Behind the Constitution • Popular sovereignty: people are the main source of the government's authority • Limited government: the government has only the powers that the Constitution gives it • Federalism: the federal government and state governments share power • Separation of power: division between the three branches • Checks and balances: each branch has the power to limit the two others • Representative government: citizens elect representatives to government to make laws • Individual rights: the Constitution protects citizen’s individual rights—such as 1st amendment.

14. Forming the Executive: George Washington • George Washington's Greatest Challenge- National debt $52m, no Navy and army of 400 men • Executive branch originally consisted of the President and the Vice President. • John Adams • Congress decided to create three departments: • Dept. of State-foreign affairs • Thomas Jefferson • Dept of War-military matters • Henry Knox • Dept of Treasury-to manage finances • Alexander Hamilton • These department heads soon became the President's chief advisers known as the Cabinet.

15. Independent PracticeAnswer each question for quiz grade 10/10 • Why is Madison often called the “Father of the Constitution”? • How did the Great Compromise protect small states? • What was the main point of The Federalist Papers? • Name and define the 7 principles of the Constitution.