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Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis. The process autotrophs use to make glucose sugars from carbon sources, water, and light energy. sunlight. 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O  C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2. How energy flows through the ecosystem. Autotrophs. Radiant energy. Photosynthesis. carbohydrates. heat. Respiration.

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Photosynthesis

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  1. Photosynthesis The process autotrophs use to make glucose sugars from carbon sources, water, and light energy sunlight 6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2

  2. How energy flows through the ecosystem Autotrophs Radiant energy Photosynthesis carbohydrates heat Respiration Heterotrophs Heterotrophs

  3. How organisms get carbon energy • Autotrophs: able to produce own glucose • Ex: plants, algae, cyanobacteria • Also called: producers • Heterotrophs: must take in glucose from outside source • Ex: animals, fungus, most bacteria, protozoans • Also called: consumers

  4. Stored Chemical Energy (in the form of Glucose) Photosynthesis Respiration Using oxygen; releasing water & CO2 Using water & CO2; releasing oxygen Light Energy from the sun Energy for Cell in the form of ATP

  5. Why is a carbon source from sugars so important? • The carbons are needed to make ATP molecules, which provide energy for metabolic reactions. Adenine Ribose 3 Phosphate groups

  6. ADP and ATP • To get energy out of ATP, the bond between two phosphate groups is broken. ADP ATP Energy Energy Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) + Phosphate Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Partially charged battery Fully charged battery

  7. Where and how are sugars made? Light Energy Chloroplast CO2 + H2O Sugars + O2

  8. Photosynthesis video Click on image to play video.

  9. Chlorophyll is a pigment, a molecule that can absorb light energy. Unused light is reflected. What is the color of the wavelength least used by chlorophyll? Pigments Absorption of Light by Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b Chlorophyll b Chlorophyll a V B G Y O R

  10. 2. Photosynthesis pigments • A. chlorophyll a (light green) • B. chlorophyll b (dark green) • C. xanthophyll (yellow) • D. carotenoid • (orange)

  11. Chromatography • The process of separating colored solutions to determine the number of pigments in the solution

  12. H20 CO2 Sugars O2 How does photosynthesis work? • Light dependent reaction • Calvin cycle Light Chloroplast NADP+ ADP + P Chloroplast Light- Dependent Reactions Calvin Cycle ATP NADPH

  13. Step 1: Light dependent reaction Hydrogen Ion Movement Chloroplast Photosystem II ATP synthase Inner Thylakoid Space Thylakoid Membrane Stroma Electron Transport Chain Photosystem I ATP Formation

  14. Light dependent reaction • Pigments (chlorophyll) inside of the chloroplasts are arranged into photosystems (PSI and PSII). • Photosystems absorb sunlight. • Electrons become energized and help to produce NADPH.

  15. 3. Light Dependent reactions • location: grana of chloroplast • Photosystem II: energized chlorophyll releases energy to split water into Oxygen (released) and Hydrogen (the H is carried by NADP to be used later in Calvin cycle) • Photosystem I: energized chlorophyll releases energy to add phosphate to ADP to make ATP (to be used later in the Calvin cycle)

  16. Light dependent video (1) Click on image to play video.

  17. Light dependent video (2) Click on image to play video.

  18. Step 2: Calvin cycle CO2 Enters the Cycle Energy Input ChloropIast 5-Carbon Molecules Regenerated 6-Carbon Sugar Produced Sugars and other compounds

  19. 4. Light independent reactions (Calvin cycle) • Location: stroma (fluid) of chloroplast • Carbons?CO2 is “fixed” by RuBP & begins the cycle becoming PGA, then PGAL after hydrogen (from NADP) and energy (from ATP) are added • Products?RuBP is recycled for next time & Glucose (sugar/food) is made (from 6 turns of cycle)

  20. Calvin cycle • The NADPH supplies the energy needed to change the CO2 taken into the cell into a 6 carbon molecule. • This 6 carbon molecule is made into sugars. glucose

  21. Sunlight Within chloroplasts Light-dependent Reactions PGA water Calvin Cycle NADPH2 RuBP PGAL ATP oxygen Glucose Carbon Dioxide

  22. Calvin cycle video Click on image to play video.

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