1 / 16

Developmental Theories

Developmental Theories. HGD Mrs. Dion. Psychoanalytical Theory. Unconscious forces act to determine personality and behavior Also called the Psychosexual Theory Main Theorist: Sigmund Freud Stages: (descriptions p. 22) Oral (birth – 1year) Anal (1-3 years) Phallic (3-6 years)

arnold
Télécharger la présentation

Developmental Theories

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Developmental Theories HGD Mrs. Dion

  2. Psychoanalytical Theory • Unconscious forces act to determine personality and behavior • Also called the Psychosexual Theory • Main Theorist: Sigmund Freud • Stages: (descriptions p. 22) • Oral (birth – 1year) • Anal (1-3 years) • Phallic (3-6 years) • Latency (6-puberty) • Genital (puberty-death)

  3. Psychosocial Theory • Development comes from both changes in understanding of oneself and comprehension of others behavior. • Main Theorist: Erik Erikson • Stages (Descriptions: p. 22) • Trust vs. Mistrust: Birth-18months • Autonomy vs. Shame: 2-3 years • Initiative vs. Guilt: 3-5 years • Industry vs. Inferiority: 6-11 years • Identity vs. Role Confusion: 12-18 • Intimacy vs. Isolation: 19-40 • Generativity vs. Stagnation: 41-65 • Integrity vs. Despair: 66-death

  4. Behaviorist Theory • Definition: The key to understanding development is observable behavior and outside stimuli in the environment. • Main Theorists: • John Watson • B.F. Skinner • Ivan Pavlov • Classical Conditioning-Involves placing a neutral signal before a reflex. Focuses on involuntary, automatic behaviors. (Pavlov’s Dogs/ Baby Albert) • Operant Conditioning-Involves applying reinforcement or punishment after a behavior. Focuses on strengthening or weakening voluntary behaviors. (Classroom Rewards)

  5. Cognitive Theory • Development stems from the processes that allow people to know, understand, and think about the world. • Main Theorist: Jean Piaget • First theory to acknowledge that children’s brains function differently from adult brains. • Stages: (Descriptions p. 26) • Sensory motor: (birth-2) Object Permanence • Pre-Operational: (2-7 years) Egocentrism • Concrete Operational (7-11 years) Conservation • Formal Operational (11- ) Abstract Reasoning

  6. Cognitive Theory Continued • Adaptation-The ability to assimilate new information into logical information. • Accommodation- Changes in existing ways of thinking that occur in response to encounters with new stimuli or events. • Assimilation- The process in which people understand an experience in terms of their current stage of cognitive development. • Schema- basic building block of knowledge • Constructivist perspective- Assumes all learning comes from building knowledge through experiences.

  7. Sociocultural Theory • All learning comes from social interaction. • Main Theorist: Lev Vygotsky • Zone of Proximal development (ZPD)- The level at which a child can almost, but not fully, comprehend or perform a task without assistance. • Scaffolding-The support for learning and problem solving that encourages independence and growth.

  8. Bioecological Theory • The perspective suggesting that different levels of the environment simultaneously influence every biological organism. • Main Theorist: Uri Bronfenbrenner

  9. Bioecological Theory continued

  10. Maturation Theory • Behavior is predetermined by genetics and heredity. • Main Theorist: Arnold Gesell

  11. The Five Areas of Development • Physical • Intellectual • Social • Emotional • Moral

  12. Physical Development • Development involving the body’s physical makeup, including the brain, nervous system, muscles, and senses. • Examples: Learning to crawl, walk, run

  13. Intellectual or Cognitive Development • Development involving the growth and change in knowledge. • Examples: Learning Alphabet, to count, colors

  14. Social Development • The way in which individuals’ interactions with others and their social relationships grow, change, and remain stable over the course of life. • Examples: Making friends, working through a fight with a friend.

  15. Emotional Development • The development of awareness and control of ones feelings and how to react to those feelings in a given situation. • Examples: Learning to name one’s own emotions, Learning not to have a temper tantrum when we don’t get our way.

  16. Moral Development • The maturation of people’s sense of justice, what is right and wrong and their behavior in connection with those issues. • Examples: Making judgments of whether or not to take something that is not yours. Deciding whether or not to lie to spare someone’s feelings.

More Related