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Cell Architecture: Limits, Organelles, and Homeostasis

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arthur-england
36 diapositives · 467 Views · Nov 20, 2014

Explore the cellular architecture, size limitations, synthesis organelles' functions, and the significance of structures like mitochondria and lysosomes. Learn about cytoskeleton components, cell wall composition, and the role of cilia and flagella in cellular function.

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  1. Cellular Architecture Or the typical/nontypical cell

  2. Figure 4-1Page 68

  3. I. Limits to cell size • Surface to volume ratio 1. function of membrane 2. relationship of surface area to volume 3. consequences of growing too large

  4. 1 mm 2 mm 2 mm 1 mm Figure 4-2Page 68

  5. I. Limits to cell size • Control issues • Informational flow • Transcription • Diffusion • Translation • Cell gets too large, lag time in the control of activities • Analogy

  6. II. Few Generalizations • A. Procaryotic vs. eukaryotic • B. Typical cell • 1. animal • 2. plant • 3. discuss the similarities first

  7. III. Organelles of synthesis • A. Introduction • 1. Going to act as an assembly line • 2. Nucleus • 3. Endoplasmic reticulm • 4. ribosome • 5. Golgi apparatus

  8. III. Organelles of synthesis • Nucleus-headquarters 1. chromatin 2. chromosomes 3. nucleolus 4. double membrane with pores

  9. Nuclear Pores From Surface of Nuclear Membrane

  10. Artist conception of nuclear pores

  11. III. Organelles of synthesis • C. Endoplasmic Reticulum • 1. definition • 2. nickname • 3. types of • Rough • Smooth

  12. Rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum

  13. Endoplasmic reticulum continuous with pores

  14. III. Organelles of synthesis • D. Ribosomes-protein synthesis • 1. found free in cytoplasm-endogenous use • 2. attached to E.R.-proteins for export • 3. responsible for translation of mRNA into protein

  15. Ribosomes translate mRNA

  16. III. Organelles of synthesis • D. Golgi Body or Golgi Apparatus • 1. nick name of bottling center • 2. modifies product • 3. concentrates product • 4. packages product into vesicles • 5. exports via exocytosis

  17. III. Organelles of synthesis • E. Cell membrane with exocytosis

  18. IV. Organelles of homeostasis • A. Mitochondria • Nickname • Structure • Endosymbiosis • More active tissue • Both animal and plant

  19. B. Chloroplasts • Nickname • Structure • Endosymbiosis

  20. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are tied tightly together

  21. Cell wall Plasma membrane Vacuole Granum Stroma Nuclear envelope Nucleolus Smooth ER Nuclear pores Chromatin Rough ER Nucleus Figure 4-7(2)Page 72 Ribosomes Rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Chloroplast

  22. C. Lysosome • Nickname • Structure • Functions

  23. D. Peroxisomes • Similar in appearance to lysosomes • Contain enzymes important in lipid breakdown • Detoxification centers • Possess enzyme catalase important in the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide

  24. E. Cytoskeleton Composed of microtubules and microfilaments

  25. 1. Microtubules • “Skeleton” of the cell • Produce the structural framework for cilia and flagella

  26. 1. microtubules • Act as a railway along which organelles travel • Microtubules may walk past one another • Motor molecules may transport organelles from one area of the cytoplasm to another

  27. 2. microfilaments • “muscles” of the cell • Same proteins that are found in our muscles

  28. Microfilaments (cont) • produce swaying of microvilli • Movements of cytoplasmic streaming

  29. Relationship of the cytoskeleton to the cell membrane and extracellular fibers

  30. F. Cell wall of plant cells • Primary cell wall • Secondary cell wall • Middle lamellae pectin • Importance of plasmodesmata

  31. Plantcell walls

  32. Plasmodesmata

  33. Plasmodesmata

  34. G. Centrioles

  35. H. Central vacuole

  36. I. Cilia and flagella • Microtubules • 9 +2 • Triplets in basal body • Form from centrioles?