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Basic Statistics

arthur-norris avatar
arthur-norris
15 diapositives · 286 Views · Nov 29, 2014

The Chi-Square Test of Independence is a statistical method used to determine the relationship between two nominal variables. This test is applicable when data is organized in a contingency table, showcasing the frequencies of different categories. For example, in a study examining the relationship between political party affiliation and attitudes towards lowering the legal drinking age, the chi-square statistic is calculated to assess independence. A null hypothesis is established, and if the calculated chi-square value exceeds the critical value, the null hypothesis is rejected, indicating a significant relationship between the variables. ###

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Basic Statistics
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  1. Basic Statistics The Chi Square Test of Independence

  2. Chi Square Test of Independence • A measure of association similar to the correlations we studied earlier. • Pearson and Spearman are not applicable if the data are at the nominal level of measurement. • Chi Square is used for nominal data placed in a contingency table. • A contingency table is a two-way table showing the contingency between two variables where the variables have been classified into mutually exclusive categories and the cell entries are frequencies.

  3. An Example • Suppose that the state legislature is considering a bill to lower the legal drinking age to 18. A political scientist is interested in whether there is a relationship between party affiliation and attitude toward the bill. A random sample of 150 registered republicans and 200 registered democrats are asked their opinion about the proposed bill. The data are presented on the next slide.

  4. Political Party and Legal Drinking Age Bill The bold numbers are the observed frequencies (fo)

  5. Determining the Expected Frequencies (fe) • First, add the columns and the rows to get the totals as shown in the previous slide. • To obtain the expected frequency within a particular cell, perform the following operation: Multiply the row total and the column total for the cell in question and then divide that product by the Total number of all respondents.

  6. Calculating the Expected Value for a Particular Cell 55.7 2. 19500/350 = 55.7 1. 130*150 = 19500

  7. Political Party and Attitude toward Bill Numbers in Black are obtained (fo), Numbers in Purple are expected (fe)

  8. The Null Hypothesis and the Expected Values • The Null Hypothesis under investigation in the Chi Square Test of Independence is that the two variables are independent (not related). • In this example, the Null Hypothesis is that there is NO relationship between political party and attitude toward lowering the legal drinking age.

  9. Understanding the Expected Values • If the Null is true, then the percentage of those who favor lowering the drinking age would be equal for each political party. • Notice that the expected values for each opinion are proportional for the number of persons surveyed in each party.

  10. Political Party and Attitude toward Bill The numbers in Green are the percentage of the total for each Party.

  11. The Expected Values • The expected values for each cell are also equal to the percentage of each party for the column total. • For example, Republicans were 42.8% of the total persons surveyed • If 130 people were in favor of the bill, then 42.8% of them should be Republican (55.7), if there is no relationship between the variables

  12. Calculating the Chi Square Statistic The Chi Square statistic is obtained via this formula • The Chi Square statistic is • (1) the sum over all cells of • (2) the difference between the obtained value and the expected value SQUARED, which is then • (3) divided by the expected frequency. The numbers in Purple on the next slide illustrate this calculation

  13. Calculating the Chi Square Statistic =5.62 =0.27 =3.11 =4.22 =0.20 =2.33 X2 = 5.62 + 0.27 + 3.11 + 4.22 + 0.20 + 2.33 = 15.75

  14. Interpreting the Results The calculated value for the chi square statistic is compared to the critical value found in Table H, page 544. Note: The distribution of the Chi Square Statistic is not normal and the critical values are only on one side. If the obtained values are close to the expected value, then the chi square statistic will approach 0. As the obtained value is different from the expected, the value of chi square will increase. This is reflected in the values found in Table H. The Degrees of Freedom for the Chi Square Test of Independence is the product of the number of rows minus 1 times the number of columns minus 1

  15. Interpreting Our Results • In our study, we had two rows (Republicans and Democrats) and three columns (For, Undecided, Against). • Therefore, the degrees of freedom for our study is (2-1)(3-1) = 1(2) = 2. • Using an a of .05, the critical value from Table H would be 5.991 • Since our calculated chi square is 15.75, we conclude that there IS a relationship between political party and opinion on lowering the drinking age, thereby rejecting the Null Hypothesis