War on Texas Indians

1. War on Texas Indians How did Texans try and solve their Indian Problem?

2. I. Settlers Expand West • By the time of the Civil War, only the Plains Indians like the Comanche were still in Texas. • White settlers feared the Indians. • They believed they were savages and should be exterminated. • Settlers believed the land was legally obtained by the United States. Savage: Someone who is uncivilized.

3. Forts were established on the western frontier to protect the settlements II. Frontier Forts 1849 Frontier: The farthest most reach of civilization.

4. The furtherwestthe settlers went the more they would come into conflict with Indians.

5. III. Quanah Parker • Comanche leader • Father was a Comanche chief and mother was Cynthia AnnParkera white woman who had been captured when she was a child in 1836 Cynthia Ann Parker

6. In 1836 members of the Parker family were killed in a raid by Comanche known as the Ft. ParkerMassacre. In this raid, an 8-year old girl, Cynthia Ann Parker, was captured. • Cynthia was found by Texas Rangers 24 years later in 1860 and returned to her white family.

7. IV. Battle of Adobe Walls • In 1864 300 Union troops commanded by Kit Carson attacked the Kiowa and Comanche at Adobe Walls. (In the Panhandle of Texas) • Outnumbered by about 1000, the Union troops used their cannonsto win and were able to burn hundreds of Indian lodges and destroy the Indians winter food supply. Kit Carson

8. V. Treaty of Medicine Lodge Creek

9. After the Civil War, the United States Army wanted to endthe hostilities with the Natives.

10. In 1867 Indians from the southern plains met in Kansas with the U.S. government. • The Treaty created a 3 million acre reservationfor Indians in Oklahoma. • The U.S. promised to supply Indians with food and clothing and to teach them tofarm. • Promised that no Americans would be allowed on theirland. Indian Reservation: Is land set aside for an Indian tribe, where the tribe is allowed to govern itself.

11. VI. Failure of the Treaty of Medicine Lodge Creek Plains Indians did not want to be farmers or move to Oklahoma U. S. government failed to keep its promises of supplies and food. Often Indian Agents in charge of the reservations were corrupt and sold supplies for their own profits. Traders called Comancherosin New Mexico encouraged Indian raids because they bought stolen goods. Corruption is using the power of the Government for one’s personal gain

12. VII. The End of the Buffalo Plains Indians faced a huge problem with the end of the wild Buffalo. The U.S. allowed the Army and Buffalo hunters to killoff the Buffalo in North America. There may have been 30 million buffalo in the 1850’s, by 1910, a little over 1000 buffalo could be found in America Plains Indians lost their way of life which included their homes, food, clothes, tools and weapons with the buffalo gone.

13. The most valuable part of the Buffalo was its hide.

14. Bison hides were used for industrial machine belts, clothing such as robes, and rugs. There was a huge export trade to Europe of bison hides.

15. Buffalo hides were sold for big money back in the east With the end of the buffalo the remaining holdout plain Indians were forced onto reservations.

17. Pile of Buffalo Skulls in 1870

18. After 1870, the U.S. gave up on peace policies and started the policy of removal.

19. VIII. U.S. Army • The U.S. Army sent thousands of soldierswest to deal with the Indians. William Tecumseh Shermanwould be in charge of the western army. • In 1871 he came to Texas to inspect FrontierForts. U.S. General during the Civil War who marched to the sea and burned Atlanta, Georgia to the ground.

20. IX.1873 Winchester Model “The Gun that won the West” Winchester Model 1873 In the early 1870’s a new invention the “repeatingrifle”was invented. This weapon, along with the repeating revolver pistol, finally gave Texas Rangers and the U.S. Army an advantageoverthe Comanche and other natives. Texas Rangers with Winchesters

21. X. Buffalo Soldiers • Freedmansoldiers who fought natives in the west were known as Buffalo Soldiers • Native Americans called them this because of their braveryin battle. • They guarded the frontier.

22. XI. Red River Wars • Sherman ordered General RanaldMackenzieto lead raids against Indians reducing their numbers on the plains of Texas. • Texas Rangers also constantly patrolled west and south Texas searching for Indians. They considered any Indian an enemyand would attack if they found them. General Ranald Mackenzie

23. XII. The 2ndBattle of Adobe Walls • In 1874Quanah Parker led 700 warriors and attacked a buffalo hunters camp at Adobe Walls. • This is known as Second Battle of Adobe Walls • The hunters held off the Indians with their long range rifles.

24. The Red River War was launched by the U.S. Army in 1874 to removethe Comanche, Kiowa, and other Indian tribes from the Southern Plains and relocate them to reservations • The U.S. Army sent soldiers in five directions and finally trapped the Indians in Palo DuroCanyon.

25. XIII. Palo Duro Canyon, the last stand

26. The Armyburned several villages, killed over a thousand horses and destroyedthe winter food supply.

27. Quanah Parker, the Comanche and the rest of the Native Texans Tribes (including the Kiowa) were finally forced to surrenderat Palo Duro Canyon in 1874.

28. Quanah Parker then went on to tirelessly work to help his people adapt to the “white world”. • Appointed by his old enemy Colonel Mackenzie as sole Chief of the Comanche, he worked hard to bring education and the ability to survive in the white man's world to hispeople. Quanah Parker during his reservation days