1 / 35

CELL AND TISSUE INJURY COURSE-I

CELL AND TISSUE INJURY COURSE-I. YEAR II PATHOLOGY LABORATORY Assist. Prof. Dr. Ipek Erbarut Seven Assoc . Prof. Dr. Pelin Bağcı. CHANGES IN THE SIZE, CONSISTENCY, COLOUR& COMPOSITION OF ORGANS. HD-l . HYPERTROPHY ORGAN: Heart.

arva
Télécharger la présentation

CELL AND TISSUE INJURY COURSE-I

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. CELL AND TISSUE INJURY COURSE-I YEAR II PATHOLOGY LABORATORY Assist. Prof. Dr. IpekErbarut Seven Assoc. Prof. Dr. Pelin Bağcı

  2. CHANGES IN THE SIZE, CONSISTENCY, COLOUR& COMPOSITION OF ORGANS

  3. HD-l . HYPERTROPHYORGAN: Heart Grossfindings: Thethickness of theventricularwall is thickened.

  4. NODULE Normal size of theprostate HD-2 HYPERPLASIAORGAN: Prostate Gross Findings: Two prostatic lobes are seen. They are enlarged, firmand nodular. The cut surfaces are also nodular and contains some minute cysts. The size of nodules vary from 0.5 to 1.5cm. Descriptive Notes:Thisincrease in size is in responsetohormonalchangesthatoccurswiththeagingprocess.

  5. NODULE HD-3: HYPERPLASIAORGAN: Thyroid (Nodular Hyperplasia) Gross Findings:Thyroidectomy specimen with glistening, jelatinous, nodular surfaces is seen. At cut section you can discriminate fibrous bands causing nodular structures. Descriptive Notes: In the adult, the normal thyroid gland weighs 20 to 25 gm. The most common cause of the nodular hyperplasia is lack of iodine in the diet resulting insufficient production of throid hormones. Thiscauseincreasethesythesisandrelease of TSH (thyroidstimulatinghormone), resulting in enlargement of thethyroid.

  6. HD-4: LYMPHOMAORGAN: Spleen Gross Findings: In the cut section of the spleen, you see numerous nodular masses(approximately 0.6-0.8 cm. in dimension). This leads to diffuse enlargement of the spleen. Descriptive notes: These nodular masses are formed by neoplastic proliferation of lymphocytes which are actually local cells of the spleen.

  7. NODULE HD-4: LYMPHOMAORGAN: Spleen Gross Findings: In the cut section of the spleen, you see numerous nodular masses(approximately 0.6-0.8 cm. in dimension). This leads to diffuse enlargement of the spleen. Descriptive notes: These nodular masses are formed by neoplastic proliferation of lymphocytes which are actually local cells of the spleen.

  8. Granulomatousfoci HD-5: MILLIARY TUBERCULOSISORGAN: Lung Gross Findings: There are multiple small (pin-point to a few millimeters), yellow white distinct foci. This leads to diffuse enlargement of the lungs. Descriptive notes: These foci are formed by granulomatous inflammation.

  9. HD-7: ACUTE REJECTIONORGAN: Kidney Gross Findings: The kidney is larger, harder,and paler than normal. Descriptive Notes: Enlargement of the kidney caused by edema, and diffuse mononuclear cell infiltration. Result of humoral rejection extensive renal parenchymal necrosis seen.

  10. HD-8: LINITISPLASTICAORGAN: Stomach Gross Findings: There is diffuse thickening of the gastric wall which has given rise to a term “leather-bottle” stomach also called linitisplastica. Descriptive Notes: Tumour cell infiltration to the gastric wall ends up with diffuse thickening of the gastric wall.

  11. trabeculation Thickenedwall HD-9: HYPERTROPHY – DILATATIONORGAN: Urinary Bladder Gross Findings: This is a partial cystectomyspesimen. The bladder is turned inside out so that you can see the pale mucosa. The cavity of the urinary bladder is enlarged. The bladder wall is thicker than normal. Descriptive Notes: Vesical obstruction caused hypertrophy of the muscle layer. Hypertrophy of the muscle bundles produce trabeculation. Vesical obstruction caused dilatation of the bladder and hypertrophy of the muscle layer. Hypertrophy of the muscle bundles produce trabeculation.

  12. HD-11: FATTY CHANGEORGAN: Liver Gross Findings: A slice of the liver is seen. Liver is enlarged, yellow, smooth, firmerthan normal andgreasy. The capsule remains smooth and glistening.Thelumina seen on the cut surface are the branches of the portal vein. Descriptive Notes: the normal adult liver weighs 1400 to 1600 gms. Fattychangeresultsfromdefectiveoxidation of fattyacidsandaberrantmitochondrialfunction.

  13. HD-12: ANTHROCOSISORGAN: Lung Gross Findings: Accumulation of this pigment blacken the tissue of the lung Descriptive Notes: The most common exogeneous pigment is carbon or coal dust, which is a virtually ubiquitous air pollutant of urban life.

  14. HD-12: ANTHROCOSISORGAN: Lung Gross Findings: Accumulation of this pigment blacken the tissue of the lung. Descriptive Notes: The most common exogeneous pigment is carbon or coal dust, which is a virtually ubiquitous air pollutant of urban life.

  15. Lipidplaque LIPID PLAQUE HD-13: ATHEROSCLEROSIS-CHOLESTEROL ACCUMULATIONORGAN: Vessel Wall Gross Findings: You see an opened vessel wall. On the inner surface there are elevated areas of different diameter in size, yellow-white in colour and with irregular lipid plaques.Some plaques are calcified, these can be recognised with their white color and rigid appearance. The size of the atheromatous plaques are varible and some show coalescence. Descriptive Notes:Endothelialcelldamageandincreased total cholesterolanddecreased HDL cholesterolcauseatheroscleroticplaqformation.

  16. HD-14: FATTY CHANGE Gross Findings:The heart is enlarged and softened. It is yellow in colour. You can also see atherosclerotic yellow lipid plaques in the opened vessels.

  17. HD-15: AMYLOIDOSlSORGAN: Kidney Gross Findings; Kidney is enlarged , firm and have a waxy appearance. Descriptive Notes: Extracellularhyalineamorphousmaterial is accumulated in glomeruliandvesselwall. Painting the cut surface with iodine imparts a yellow colour is transformedto blue violet.

  18. HD-16: PASSIVE CONGESTIONORGAN: Ovary Gross Findings : The organ is diffusely enlarged, firm, and cyanotic. Descriptive Notes:This is due to twisting of ovary that cause obstruction of venous return resulting in intense congestion. Ovariantorsion is uncommon.

  19. NUTMEG HD-17: CHRONIC PASSIVE CONGESTIONORGAN: Liver NUTMEG LIVER (normal adult liver weight is 1400-1600gm.) Gross Findings: Thereis dusky red cyanosis and diffuse increase in liver size and weight. On the cut surface the central congested areas appear darker than the pale peripheral portions of the lobules and thus compose the so-called nutmeg pattern. Descriptive Notes: Passive congestion of the liver results from right-sided heart failure or obstruction of the inferior vena cava or hepatic vein. When you think about the normal circulation of the liver you will easily understand why the central areas axe primarily affected. We see hemorrhagic necrosis in the pericentral zones. Whereas the peripheral hepatocytes, suffering from less hypoxia, develop fatty change. This zonal difference gives red [centre of the lobule) and yellow (periphery-of the lobuie) discoloration so-called "nutmeg" liver to the organ.

  20. NUTMEG HD-17: CHRONIC PASSIVE CONGESTIONORGAN: Liver NUTMEG LIVER (normal adult liver weight is 1400-1600gm.) Gross Findings: There is dusky red cyanosis and diffuse increase in liver size and weight. On the cut surface the central congested areas appear darker than the pale peripheral portions of the lobules and thus compose the so-called nutmeg pattern. Descriptive Notes: Passive congestion of the liver results from right-sided heart failure or obstruction of the inferior vena cava or hepatic vein. When you think about the normal circulation of the liver you will easily understand why the central areas axe primarily affected. We see hemorrhagic necrosis in the pericentral zones. Whereas the peripheral hepatocytes, suffering from less hypoxia, develop fatty change. This zonal difference gives red [centre of the lobule) and yellow (periphery-of the lobuie) discoloration so-called "nutmeg" liver to the organ.

  21. HD-18: PASSIVE CONGESTIONORGAN: Testis (Torsion) Gross Findings: Testis shows slight but diffuse enlargement. The organ is tense andcyanotic. Descriptive Notes: There is an impairment of venous return from the testis due to the twisting of thespermaticcordresultingcompression of testicle veins.

  22. CEREBRAL LOBES ENGORGED VESSELS CEREBELLUM HD-19: CONGESTIONORGAN: Brain —> Meningeal Congestion Gross Findings: The blood vessels of the meninges are engorged with dark red blood. There is also diffuse increase in the size and weight of the organ due to secondary edema formation.

  23. HD-20: ABSCESSORGAN: Spleen Gross Findings: Spleen is enlarged. Acute inflammatory cell infiltration results with a tissue defect (arrows) that you can notice on the cut section of the spleen. Descriptive Notes: Normally in the addult spleen weighs, about 150 gm and measures 12 cm in lenght, 7 cm in width, and 3 cm in thickness.

  24. HD-21: TUBERCULOSISORGAN: Apex of the Lung Gross Findings: At the apex of the lung there is an intraparanchymal tissue defect (arrow).At the centre of the defect with a close inspection one can easily identify the necrosis. Descriptive Notes: Mycobacterium cause tuberculosis.The type of the necrosis is called caseification necrosis

  25. NECROSIS HD-21: TUBERCULOSISORGAN: Lung Gross Findings: At the apex of the lung there is an intraparanchymal tissue defect. There is a caseificationnecrosis at the center. Descriptive Notes: Mycobacterium cause tuberculosis.The type of the necrosis is called caseification necrosis.

  26. DILATED CALYCES PARENCHYMAL THINNING HD-22: ATROPHYORGAN: Kidney Gross Findings: The cut section of the kidney reveals dilatation and deformation of the calyces, irregularloss of renalparenchymawithscarring. Its surface is granular with depressed scars. Descriptive Notes: Atrophy is due to progressive destruction and loss of renal parenchyma.

  27. HD-23: HYPOPLASIA(congenital)ORGAN: KIDNEY The size of the kidney is diffusely decreased. Its surface is smooth. Therearesomehemorhagicareas in cortex. The number of renal lobes and pyramids is 6 or fewer (normal kidney has about 12 pyramids). 

  28. Corcicalthinning calculi HD-24: CHRONIC PYELONEPHRITIS WITH CALCULIORGAN: KIDNEY The cortical surface of the kidney contains irregular, broad depressed area (scar formation) of cortical fibrosis and atrophy leading to focal decrease in size of the organ. On cut section you see dilatation of calyces with atrophy, calculi and scarring of the overlying cortex. Medullaryandperirenalfatttissue is increased.

  29. INFARCT INFARCT HD-25: INFARCTIONORGAN: SPLEEN Gross Findings: On the cut section of the spleen you see multiple, pale, wedge shaped, well deliniated infarcts beneath the capsule. The infarcts which are wedge shaped have their apex pointing toward the focus of vascular occlusion. Since all the dependent tissue out to the periphery of the organ is affected, the external aspect of the organ forms the base of the wedge. Descriptive Notes:This is an example of white infarct which is seen secondary to the arterial occlusion of the solid organs.

  30. INFARCT HD-26: INFARCTIONORGAN: Placenta Gross Findings: On cut section of the placenta reveals a white-tan and firm area of necrosis. It is alsowedgeshapedwithapex at maternalsurface. Descriptive Notes: This is also an example of white infarct. It results from cessation of bloodsupplytointervillousspaceandnecrosis of villi .

  31. HD-27: TRANSMURAL INFARCTORGAN: Small bowel Gross Findings: A segment of small bowel is seen. A large part of this segment is intensly congested and dark purple. This discoloration fades gradually into the adjacent segments of the normal bowel, that is the demarcation is not sharply defined. Descriptive Notes: This is also an example of a red infarct. We see red infarct both in arterial and venous occlusions of the small bowel due to the fact that it has rich in arterial anastomoses.

  32. Fibrousbands HD-29: CIRRHOSISORGAN: Liver Gross Findings: The liver is harder than normal due to fibrosis. Its surface shows diffuse nodularity that reflects nodular regeneration and scarring. Descriptive Notes: Cirrhosis of theliver is the terminal sequel of repeatedinjurytotheliverparenchyma. Theresult is theformation of broadfibrousbandsseparatingregenerativenodulesthat do not havethe normal achitecture of liverlobules.

  33. HD-30: BRONCHOPNEUMONIAORGAN: Lung Gross Findings: The lung shows patchy distributed firm and gray-red to yellow colour, elevated nodular airless areas due to inflammatory infiltration.These nodules are distributed along with the bronchioles so called bronchopneumonia. Descriptive Notes:Itresultsfromaspiration of organismscausinginflammationandnecrosis of underlyingparenchyma.

  34. Cholesterolaccumulation HD-31: CHOLESTEROLOSIS ORGAN: Gall bladder Gross Findings: Its mucosal surface shows minute yellow patches due to cholesterol accumulation . This is called as a "strawberrygallbladder". Descriptive Notes:It is resultsfromabnormaldeposition of mixtures of cholesterolandtriglyceride in macrophages in thelaminapropria of thegallbladder.

  35. HD-32: FIBROMAORGAN: Ovary Gross Findings: The tissue is harder and bigger than a normal ovary because of infiltration by neoplastic cells arising in the ovarian strorna. The ovary appears as a white firm, mass composed ofinterlacingbundles of fibers. Descriptive Notes:It is a benign neoplasm of the ovary.

More Related