Presentation Transcript

1. The Roots of the Middle Eastern Conflict

   Why they hate us? Section 19.4
2. Abraham’s Genealogy Abraham Hagar Sarah LATER Ishmael Isaac Muhammad Bin Abd al Wahhab & Muhammad bin Saud 12 Arabian Tribes Esau Jacob People of Arabian Peninsula 12 Tribes Of Israel Not Muslim
3. Palestine in Ancient Texts Philistia--- “Old Testament” –Philistia was used to describe the area controlled by the Philistines Philistines are thought to no longer exist as a distinct peoples since the Babylonian Captivity Philistines were actually Greek
4. Use of the Term “Palestine” Palestine-------- According to Herodotus Palestine is a toponym – a word to describe locality, region, or some other part of Earth’s surface Thought to be used for the 1st time by Herodotus in the 5th century BCE to describe the area between Egypt and Phoenica
5. So a Palestinian is… Anyone who liveshere is technicallya Palestinian Anyone: Arab, Christian, Jew, Muslim, anyone who lives in the area known as Palestine There are Palestinian Jews
6. Enter the Romans Before the Romans, Judea was ruled by the monarchs of the Hasmoneans The revolt in 63 BCE allowed the Romans to step in, quell the revolt…and take over Judea Caesar was the one to end anger by bringing stability to the nation Herod comes to power (dies in 4 BCE, Israel goes back to fighting) 66 CE – The Great Jewish Revolt Vespasian was sent by Nero to put it down 70 CE – Temple of Solomon was destroyed and the capture of Jerusalem 2nd Jewish Revolt lead by Bar Kokhba (132-135 CE) lead to the destruction of all Judea and its inhabitants expelled Only Jews in Galilee and Samaria were allowed to stay
7. Hadrian’s Punishment Renames the area once occupied by the Israelites as Syria Palaestina to disassociate it with the Judeans He was insulting the Jews by naming the territory after their enemies the Philistines After this Hebrew as a spoken language is almost non-existent in the area
8. Coming of the Muslims 400 CE until 638 CE Christians held Jerusalem In 638 CE Muslims conquer Jerusalem Allow a few Jewish families settle Arab Bedouins start to come into the area and settle in mass as soldiers of the Muslim forces Starts the claim of Arab/Arab Palestinians for the land
9. Ottoman Period (1517-1917) Ottoman’s generally treated Jews well Allowed for them to settle during the Spanish expulsion of the Jews 25% of Palestine Jewish at this time
10. The Rise of Wahhabism Puritanical form of Sunni Islam Practiced in Saudi Arabia and Qatar Derived from Muhammad bin Abd al Wahhab (1703-1791) Sought to reverse the “moral decline” in his society Wanted a return to the pure and orthodox practices of the Quran Muhammad bin Saud to unify the tribes in the Arabian Peninsula Founder of the Al Saud dynasty (in Saudi Arabia)
11. Zionism Theodore Herzl1860-1904 Goals The spiritual and political renewal of the Jewish people in its ancestral homeland of Palestine Freedom from Western anti-Semitism
12. SayyidQutb (1906-1966) Intellectual leader of the Muslim Brotherhood (reestablished the Sunni Caliphate) Spiritual leader and inspiration for Al Qaeda His book Milestones says to fight against any law by Allah’s Execution made him a martyr
13. The British Again… Hussein-McMahon Letters Between Sharif Hussein ibnAli and Sir Henry McMahon (British High Commissioner in Egypt) Britain recognizes the independence of Balfour Declaration (1917) The establishment of a Jewish homeland Sir Arthur James Balfour – British Foreign Secretary
14. Jews and Arabs in Palestine, 1920 In 1920, there was one Jew to ever ten Arabs in Palestine By 1947, the ratio was two Arabs for ever Jew Arabs felt they were losing control of their “country”
15. Modern Saudi Arabia - 1932 Close relationship between the Saudi ruling family and the Wahhabi religious establishment Difference between Wahhabism and Salafiyya Wahhabism – the Saudi form of Salafiyya Uses the Koran and the Kitab Al-Tawhib by Wahhab Salafiyya – believe that the Quran and Prophet’s practices are the ultimate religious authority in Islam Not a unified movement Exists outside of Saudi Arabia and Qatar Many scholars believe these groups did not become militant until the 1980s with the takeover of Afghanistan by the Russians
16. Aliyah bet: Illegal Jewish Immigration
17. U.N. Partition Plan of 1947
18. Israel Becomes a Nation Chaim Weizmann,1st President David Ben-Gurion,1st Prime Minister 14 May 1948

19. Conflict Between Israel and Palestine

    “The Twins in the Sand”
20. War BeginsFirst Arab-Israeli War 15 May 1948 Arab countries informed Arab Palestinians to flee so they would not be killed during the extermination of the Jews Was the War of Independence for the Israeli state
21. Armistice Signed - 1949
22. Suez Canal Crisis 2nd Arab/Israeli War
23. 6 Day War (1967) 3rd Arab/Israeli War Arabs vow to never recognize Israel Egypt leads Arab countries in new war Begins blockade Israel wins again Gains Sinai, Golan Heights, and Palestine is annexed
24. Attack the US Economy After Yom Kippur War (1973) Put pressure on the US by cutting off their oil supply if they help Israel Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
25. Sadat Goes to Israel 1977 – Egyptian president Anwar Sadat traveled to Israel First Arab leader EVER to travel to the Jewish state Killed by Egyptian radicals in 1981 Mubarak (army general) takes over Bans the Islamist Party (Muslim Brotherhood) for assassination
26. Camp David Accords Egypt will recognize the state of Israel Israel would leave the Sinai Peninsula Israel would remove troops from the West Bank and Gaza Strip
27. After the Accords Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) created to fight for a free Palestine and remove the Israeli state Led by Yasser Arafat The First Intifada – 1987 Rocks and bombs vs. Israeli military might
28. HOPE(ISH) IN THE ’90’S: THE OSLO ACCORDS Israel gives some autonomy to the West Bank & Gaza Strip in return for PLO recognition of Israel’s right to exist Rabin assassinated by Israeli nationalists 5th PM of Israel
29. 2001 – ROADMAP FOR PEACE New 2000 intifada & 9/11 convince West to try to fix this issue Calls for two states TRICKY ISSUES Right of Return Settlements
30. Death of Arafat & A Split in the Movement Mahmoud Abbas leader of PLO (Fatah) – willing to work with Israel Hamas – terror group elected: bent on eliminating Israel
31. Recent History 2006: War with Lebanon Shiite Terror group Hezbollah, funded by Iran & Syria, launched missile attacks. 34 Day War 2007: Israel Attacks Syria No one complained??? 2009 – Israeli blockade of Hamas led Gaza Strip Today: Potential Iran War

32. Iran and the US

    Why we’re having trouble with them as well…
33. Mohammad Mossadegh (1950s) Democratically elected Prime Minster of Iran Very popular with the people Purges military corruption Nationalizes foreign oil fields
34. Operation Ajax Mossadegh on Trial Shah of Iran CIA – sponsored coup of the popular, democratically-electedleader of Iran US support strengths the Shah
35. Dictatorship of Shah Reza Pahlavi Lives lavishly Establishes close ties to the West Represses political dissidents People live in poverty
36. The Iranian Revolution - 1979 Shah flees to U.S. Iranian Hostage Crisis Ayatollah Khomenei
37. Iranian Hostage Situation Originally 66 hostages 52 held for 444 days Operation Canadian Caper – 6 diplomats evaded capture and were smuggled out of the country Operation Eagle Claw – Carter sent in a special forces team to to free the hostages Operation Credible Sport – using a C-130 Hercules airlifter modified with rocket engines
38. Enter Saddam Hussein Major General Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr of the Ba’ath party becomes Iraq’s new president (bloodless coup) 1979 – Hussein becomes president of Iraq when Al-Bakr retired Condemns 400 fellow Ba’athists to death Living prove loyalty by shooting the 400 Kurds revolt
39. Iran-Iraq War (1980s) Causes Shiite vs. Sunni Iran’s support of the Kurds Territorial control of the Straits of Hormuz (from Persian Gulf)
40. Hussein Earns his Reputation Dead Kurds at Halabja from poison gas Used poison gas on whole separatist-leaning Kurdish towns Children used to clear mine fields
41. The US’s Involvement Donald Rumsfeld meeting with Saddam Hussein in the 1980’s In the war, US is pro-Iraq Iran had taken US embassy workers in 1979 and was still holding them Iraq secular War ends in draw
42. After the Iran-Iraq War Kuwait had helped finance Iraq’s war Ba’athists think Kuwait naturally theirs Aug 1990 – Iraq occupies Kuwait Sees US as an ally
43. The Middle East in the 1990s People were angry “Islam is the solution” to the poverty, injustice, cultural alienation, lack of respect for human rights, etc. Worried about the end of the Cold War and the decline of USSR money Other countries in this area were hurting economically Democracy?
44. Operation Desert Storm Feb 1991 – US led coalition frees Kuwait
45. Fallout from the Conflict Iraqi Shiites are angry Highway of Death Media images of destroyed Iraqi retreat turn Western stomachs, prevent West from marching into Iraq
46. Meanwhile in Saudi Arabia Saudi’s let US keep troops in the “Holy Land” during wars and asks US to stay for stability afterwards Wahhabis and Bin Laden angry over infidel troops in land of Mohammed
47. The Norm in the wealthy oil kingdoms This Exists along side the Extreme Wealth… And Anger is Below the Surface in Much of the Middle East. WHY???
48. Trouble in the Oil Countries High rates of poverty Lack of education Few political rights Lack of economic opportunity Terrible human rights Gov’t seen as impotent against Israel Women are not free
49. Back in Afghanistan… Taliban vs. Northern Alliance Taliban preach a Salafist Doctrine Ahmed Shah Massoud – the Lion of Panjir
50. Mullah Omar
51. The New Taliban Order Public Executions Beards & Burqas Female Healthcare Destroy non-Muslim history Morality Police “Allah huaqbar” at soccer games
52. Osama Bin Laden Saudi born wealthy son of contractor Anger over US troops in Saudi Arabia Fought Soviets in Afghanistan Issues Fatwa to declare war on US
53. Al Qaeda (The Base) Activity in the Clinton Years ’93 Trade Center Bombings 2 US Embassy Bombings in Africa 1998 USS Cole bombing in 2000