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Basic Anatomy and Biomechanics

Basic Anatomy and Biomechanics. PE 254. Functions of the Musculoskeletal System . Gives the body shape Protects internal organs Provides for movement Consists of more than 600 muscles. Anatomy. Muscles - provide movement & generate heat. Ligaments - connect bone to bone

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Basic Anatomy and Biomechanics

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  1. Basic Anatomy and Biomechanics PE 254

  2. Functions of the Musculoskeletal System • Gives the body shape • Protects internal organs • Provides for movement • Consists of more than 600 muscles

  3. Anatomy • Muscles - provide movement & generate heat. • Ligaments - connect bone to bone injury = sprain • Tendons - connect bone to muscle injury = strain • Bones - protection & shape

  4. The Skeletal System • Gives form to the body • Protects vital organs • Consists of 206 bones • Acts as a framework for attachment of muscles • Designed to permit motion of the body

  5. The Skull

  6. The Neck

  7. The Spinal Column

  8. Structure of the Spine

  9. The Thorax

  10. The Pelvis

  11. The Lower Extremity • Hip • Thigh • Knee • Leg • Ankle • Foot

  12. The Upper Extremity • Shoulder girdle • Arm • Elbow • Forearm • Wrist • Hand

  13. Joints • Degree of movement • Synarthrosis – immovable joint (ex: the skull) • Amphiarthrosis – slightly movable joint (ex: fibrocartilaginous disc between the vertebrae; ligament or membrane links the two bones such as scapula to the clavicle) • Diarthrosis – freely movable joint (ex: hip or shoulder joint)

  14. Diarthrosis Joints

  15. Examples of Diarthrosis Joints Ball and Socket Hinge

  16. Types of Muscle (1 of 3) • Skeletal (voluntary) muscle • Attached to the bones of the body • Smooth (involuntary) muscle • Carry out the automatic muscular functions of the body

  17. Types of Muscle (2 of 3) • Smooth (involuntary) muscle • Carry out the automatic muscular functions of the body

  18. Types of Muscle (3 of 3) • Cardiac muscle • Involuntary muscle • Has own blood supply and electrical system • Can tolerate interruptions of blood supply for only very short periods

  19. Human Body Muscle Diagram

  20. Muscle Groups • Because a single muscle usually does not act alone when it exerts tension in normal body movement, it acts as one member of the team of muscles that partially or wholly can control or contribute to the joint movement occurring. Therefore, it is convenient and adequate in most cases of gross muscular analysis to refer to the action of “groups of individual muscles” rather than trying to name each one that is or might acting.

  21. Examples of Muscle Groups Elbow flexors/extensors Knee flexors/extensors Shoulder abductors/adductors Shoulder flexors/extensors Hip flexors/extensors Hip abductors/adductors

  22. Standard Reference TerminologyAnatomical Reference Position • Erect standing position with all body parts, including the palms of the hands, facing forward; considered the starting position for body segment movements

  23. Basic Joint Articulations Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction Pronation (elbow and forearm) Supination (elbow and forearm)

  24. Superior Inferior Anterior Posterior Medial Lateral Proximal Distal Superficial Deep Standard Reference TerminologyDirectional Terms

  25. Standard Reference TerminologyAnatomical Reference Planes • Cardinal planes – 3 imaginary perpendicular reference planes that divide the body in half by mass • Sagittal plane • Frontal plane • Transverse plane

  26. Standard Reference TerminologyAnatomical Reference Axes • An imaginary axis of rotation that passes through a joint to which it is attached • Mediolateralaxis • Anterioposterioraxis • Longitudinal axis

  27. 2-5

  28. Sagittal plane movements 2-6

  29. Frontal Plane Movements 2-8

  30. Transverse Plane Movements 2-13

  31. Other Movements 2-16

  32. 2-19

  33. Planes of Motion and Axes of Rotation

  34. What could a biomechanist do to improve sport performance?

  35. Group Activity • Group 1: Lunges. • Group 2: Standing broad jump. • Group 3: Discus throw. • Group 4: 100-meter sprint from the starting block. • Group 5: Push-ups. • Group 6: Shoulder press with barbells. • Group 7: Free throws in basketball. • Group 8: Javelin throw. • Group 9: Bench press with straight bar. • Group 10: Field-goal kick in football.

  36. Group Activity • Identify the following: 1. Joint(s) involved in activity 2. Muscle group(s) involved in activity 3. Plane(s) of motion 4. Axis(es) of rotation

  37. Reminders No class on Monday, September 6th in observance of Labor Day Quiz 2 on Wednesday, September 8th

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