Culture Theory

1. Culture Theory May 2008 Chapter 2

2. Culture Theory (CT)Chapter 2 • Impact on Safety • Risk View • Interaction with other Groups • World View

3. Cultural Theory • Mary Douglas • Anthropologist • Observation of Societies • Threats • Social Structures • Ways of Life • Attitudes

4. Culture • Studied Life and Cultural Biases • Functional Explanation • Social Biases • Argued two principle axes: • Grid and Group

6. Risk by Culture:

8. Corporate Views

9. Views

10. Cultural Theory • Group: Degree of division between insiders and outsiders • Grid: (Regulation) Rules that relate one individual to another Regulation Group

11. Examples • Strong Grid /Strong Group (High) • Individuals Regulated for the sake of the group. • Heirarchist

12. Views of Nature • Fragile • Robust • Capricious (Erratic, impulsive, unpredictable)

13. Strong Grid, Strong Group • Roles are subscribed – gender and birth • Positional Rules • Groups are within larger groups Bernstein: Two family Examples: Modern Japanese British Middle-class Family

14. Hierarchist • Social Sectors: Classes, castes, age groups • Specialized Roles • Larger and lasts longer • Less internal conflict • Well defined rules • Experts • Reliance on rules Regulation Tolerant within limits Group

15. Individuals • Group (Low) Grid/Regulation (Low) • Individuals than group • Lack of group mentality • Social classes negotiable • Transaction and transfer freely • Political laws to regulate individuals • Trial and error

16. Egalitarian • High Group, Low Grid • Strong bond • Voluntary Associations • Good of Group before individual • Sensitive to high consequence risk • Nature Fragile • Small change will bring crashing down

17. Random! Isolationist (fatalist) • High Reg, Low group • Feel isolated • Nature as random • Little they can do • No respect for other groups

18. Hermit (Autonomous) • Medium/Medium • Withdraws from social interaction • Autonomous • Often ignored

19. Nature Views Random! Tolerant within limits Fragile Stable

20. Risk • Different Levels of Risk Views • Risk Adverse • Risk Procedures (Regulation) • Risk Takers • Risk Acceptors

21. Risk • Culture Theory can be used to predict risk responses • Risk Issues • Grid Coordinates

22. Risk Acceptances Risk Adverse Risk Risk Procedures Risk Taker

23. Nature Capricious Nature Fragile Nature Robust

24. View points Fatalist Share Adverse

25. No respect Accept authority Glorify risk/acceptance High Fatalist Risk adverse High bond Robust ISO. Hier. Nature capricious Deride safety culture No respect for other groups thoughts elude other groups Regulation Hermit Nature Reject hier. knowledge Risk Nature Robust Trend setters Indiv. Egal. Competition Nature Fragile Low Risk Takers Weak leadership Low High Risk Adversion Group

26. Grid • Coarse Grained • Static • Rests on hidden assumptions • No Accounting for change

27. Mountain Utilities wants to construct a 300 Megawatt Reactor in Gentle Valley to supply the electrical needs of the community. This community of people has Grown to over 400,000 strong. Up to this point, the community has relied on other Power generating systems for their needs. If this was a hierarchal community, what would you expect would be their expectations? Concerns? Worries? Grid Exercise

28. The thriving metropolis of Getter Done is made up mostly of Engineers And PhDs. They have worked together for near 20 years in all kinds of Endeavors. An overseas company in conjunction with the NASA want to Establish a new antimatter storage and transfer system to support a new space Craft. The facility will store 100 cubic meters (100 m3) of antimatter in pods Constructed of polyduranium. The leak rate of the tank is expected To be only <0.0002 kg/day. How will the community respond? Grid Exercise #2

29. Cultural Theory Grid • Uses: • Predict Risk Behavior? • Individual Behavior? • How they are in cultural roles

30. Our Organizations • Location on the Grid • Definitions – what does that mean? • Discussion.

31. Other Characteristics • Individual Characteristics • Gender • Race • Political Ideology • Personality Type

32. Biases • Superiority of any Group? • Limitations of the Groups • Accuracy of the Group • Each as a one view?

33. One View HH Servants Military Japan India U.S? Communal Sect Leaders

34. Example:

36. Canadian Website • Safety Management Systems • Models • Related to Grid? • View on Risk?

37. Risk Models Complexity 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Space Nuclear Energy Marine Transport Coupling Abandon 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Dams Restrict DNA Research Tolerate & Improve Mining Flying

38. Zero Risk Model

39. Nanotechnology • Carcinogenic Effects • Long Term effects – Unknown • Quantum Dots • Single-wall Nanotubes • MSDSs • Focus on materials not product

40. Safety & Health Aspects of Nanotechnology From EPA White Paper on Nanotechnology

41. Safety & Health Aspects of Nanotechnology Where are We? ESH Coverage 3rd Gen 4th Gen Nanotechnology 2nd Generation 2015 2006 2001 2003

42. Safety Culture Theories

43. ISO 9001

44. Risk Matrix

45. Basic Hazard Management

46. Relationships • Related to Grid • Accountability: High /High • Training: High • Threat - View of nature and risk

47. Bow-Tie

48. System Risk

49. Thompson & Wildavsky Grid

50. Culture and Socialization