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10 The “New Economic Policy” (NEP) and Bolshevik Culture

10 The “New Economic Policy” (NEP) and Bolshevik Culture. Overview. Themes Why the NEP Basic Conceptions Terms Performance Problems Demography Society Culture Conclusion. A. Themes . No “NEP”: pragmatic, ad hoc reaction to crises and problems

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10 The “New Economic Policy” (NEP) and Bolshevik Culture

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  1. 10The “New Economic Policy” (NEP) and Bolshevik Culture

  2. Overview • Themes • Why the NEP • Basic Conceptions • Terms • Performance • Problems • Demography • Society • Culture • Conclusion

  3. A. Themes • No “NEP”: pragmatic, ad hoc reaction to crises and problems • Why? Multi-causal—popular unrest, fading hope of world revolution • NEP as “dual economy” with “capitalist” and “socialist” sectors • Chronological dynamic: recovery to 1925, then mounting problems • Foregoing as background to social tensions, political conflict, and cultural turmoil of Twenties • Demographic recovery: population growth and re-urbanization • Family revolution • Cultural Revolution and cultural construction

  4. B. Why the NEP? • Worker unrest • Peasant rebellion • Fading prospects of world revolution • Trigger: Kronshtadt insurrection

  5. 1921-22 Famine

  6. Famine of 1921-2

  7. Famine 1921-22

  8. Russian Committee for Aid to the Starving 1921

  9. American Famine Relief: ARA (1921)

  10. American Famine Relief: ARA

  11. American Famine Relief: ARA

  12. NEP: Transitional

  13. Kronshtadt: Insurrection, Repression (1921)

  14. C. NEP: Basic Conceptions • Dual economy concept • Embedded contradictions • Politics of NEP • Evolving conception

  15. 1922 Poster: Appeal to Rebuild the Economy

  16. 1924: Electrification and New World

  17. D. Terms of NEP • Agriculture • Trade • Monetary policy • Industry • Foreign concessions

  18. Advertisement: Boots from Rezinotrest (Rubber Trust)

  19. Advertisement: Cigarette “Ira”

  20. Advertisement: Light Bulbs in GUM

  21. Advertisement: “Kremlin” Cigarettes

  22. Advertisement: Moscow Village Handicrafts

  23. Advertisement: Best Nipples Are from Rezinotrest

  24. Advertisement: Chocolate Bars from Pishchetrest (Food Trust)

  25. Table 1: Industrial Recovery under NEP

  26. Table 2: Rate of Economic Growth (as percent of previous year)

  27. Table 3: Recovery of Prewar Production Levels (percent of 1913)

  28. F. Problems • Instability: Fluctuations, recurring crises • Social dangers: empowering kulaks and bourgeoisie • Intra-Party tensions • Post 1925: slowdown

  29. Demography • Population losses • Mortality and Fertility • Re-Urbanization

  30. 1926 Poster: Cooperate in Census

  31. Demographic Indicators(per 1,000 inhabitants)

  32. C. Society • Dynamics • Social Categories • Workers • Peasants • Sluzhashchie • “Alien elements”: Bourgeois, Nepman, Clergy • Outcasts • Family revolution

  33. Class Structure, 1913-28

  34. Peasant Strata: Bolshevik Categories

  35. Nepman License to Trade

  36. Nepmany: Market Kiosks

  37. Caricature: Nepman and Wife

  38. Caricature: Deputy Office Head and Wife (1926)

  39. 1923 Poster: Women and the New Way of Life

  40. 1924 Poster: Emancipated Woman

  41. Culture • Education • Religion and Atheism • Elite Culture • Mass culture

  42. Literacy Rates

  43. Likbez in Village

  44. Likbez: Women in Uzbekistan

  45. Likbez: Poster on Female Literacy

  46. Confiscation of Church Valuables(1922)

  47. Uzbek Publishing House Seal

  48. Uzbek Film “Basmachi” (1930)

  49. E. Conclusion • Myths galore: “planning” • Rife with tensions, contraditictions • Role of external: world revolution or “socialism in one country” • Demographic revolution: population growth and re-urbanization • Family revolution: patriarchy reasserted and contested • Social revolution: anti-elitism, tensions among and between workers and peasants • Cultural revolution: education, atheism, and elite vs. mass culture

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