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Basic Concepts of Matter and Energy in Radiation Physics

Learn the fundamentals of matter, energy, and radiation in this comprehensive guide. Discover how matter interacts, the types of energy involved, and the impact of radiation on humans. Delve into historical developments and key principles of radiation protection.

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Basic Concepts of Matter and Energy in Radiation Physics

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  1. BASIC CONCEPTS How much do you already know?

  2. ????QUESTIONS??? • MATTER • Occupies_____________ • is a material substance • Has________and shape • Building blocks of matter are_______and __________.

  3. ????QUESTIONS??? • MATTER • The primary characteristic of matter is _____________ • Mass is the quantity or quality of an object? • ANSWER…QUANTITY • Does mass change when matter changes? • Give an example of a change of matter.

  4. ????QUESTIONS??? • WEIGHT • is the mass of matter in an object in ? • Why do we weigh less on the moon than on earth?

  5. Types of energy (joules or eV) • Potential • Kinetic • Chemical • Electrical • Thermal • Nuclear • Electromagnetic

  6. RADIATION • ENERGY EMITTED AND TRANSFERRED THROUGH SPACE • PIANO STRING=RADIATE SOUND • RIPPLES OR WAVES=WAVES RADIATE

  7. IONIZING RADIATION(AGAIN!!!) • Removes orbital electron from atom • this electron can disrupt surrounding atoms by transferring energy to them. • This renegade(free) electron- negative ion • The atom that lost the electron- positive ion • negative ion & positive ion = ion pair

  8. What two forms of electromagnetic radiation ionize matter? X-rays Gamma rays

  9. What two particulate forms of radiation ionize matter? alpha beta

  10. Natural Cosmic Terrestrial Naturally occurring radionucleides in the human body Manmade medical x-rays nuclear power plants industrial sources watch dials* smoke detectors* TV* Airport surveillance systems* SOURCES OF RADIATION HARMFUL TO HUMANS

  11. DID YOU KNOW? • Naturally + man-made radiation occurring radiation contributes 360 mrads to the average absorbed dose to humans. • Diagnostic x-rays make up the largest source of man-made radiation (39 mrem per year-50 mrem per year)

  12. EVOLVE • Module 1: Introduction to Radiographic Equipment • https://evolve.elsevier.com/cs/Satellite/StudentHome?Audience=Student • Homework • Section 2: Overview of Discovery and Use of X-Rays Quiz link.

  13. IN THE EARLY YEARS OF USING X-RAYS • Skin damage (erythema) • loss of hair (alopecia) • low red blood cell counts(anemia) • INJURIES DUE TO • low energy radiation • looooonnnngggg exposure times (30 minutes!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!)

  14. REDUCTION TO RADIATION EXPOSURE • Coolidge tube (Hot-cathode x-ray tube) • vacuum tube • intensity and energy to be selected (1913) Snook transformer High voltage power, induction coils (1910) Potter-bucky grid (1921)

  15. PROTECTIVE APPAREL WAS DEVELOPED WHEN IT WAS NOTED THAT RADIOLOGISTS WERE DEVELOPING AT A HIGH RATE OF LEUKEMIA AND APLASTIC ANEMIA

  16. Early blood changes decreased sperm count Latent cancer changes possible genetic effects Effects of radiation

  17. REGULATION HISTORY • 1966- ICRP developed ALARA Radiation must have a benefit Dose should not exceed limits for specific circumstances

  18. REGULATION HISTORY • 1987- NCRP established limits for radiation exposures for radiation workers and non-radiation workers limits were to minimize potential harm

  19. CARDINAL PRINCIPLES OF RADIATION PROTECTION T D S

  20. DEVICES FOR MINIMIZING RADIATION TO PT/WORKER • Filtration • collimation • Intensifying screen • Protective barriers • Protective apparel • Technical factors (Highest optimal kVp, shortest time)

  21. CLOSE YOUR BOOKS PLEASE

  22. “The risk of radiation exposure in diagnostic imaging departments is minimal. Radiography is now considered a radiation safe occupation.”RADIOLOGIC SCIENCE FOR TECHNOLOGISTS,Stewart Bushong, 1997Page 7

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