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Nile River Valley Civilization

Ancient Egypt. Nile River Valley Civilization. Two civilizations develop c. 3000 BCE Egypt Nubia (Kush). Ancient Egyptian history is divided into different periods (Old, Middle, New) Ruled by a pharaoh (king) – godlike (son of the god Amon )

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Nile River Valley Civilization

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  1. Ancient Egypt Nile River Valley Civilization

  2. Two civilizations develop c. 3000 BCE • Egypt • Nubia (Kush)

  3. Ancient Egyptian history is divided into different periods (Old, Middle, New) Ruled by a pharaoh (king) – godlike (son of the god Amon) Monumental architecture - Pyramid (tomb) and temples to worship the gods Egypt

  4. Egypt was at the height of its power during the New Kingdom where it ruled the Nile Valley region down to Nubia and part of the Arabian Peninsula. • Egypt was relatively secure from outside invasion due to its geography • The flooding cycles of the Nile left the river basin fertile for agriculture • Egyptians constructed levees and reservoirs to retain the water. • As a result, agriculture was more stable than that in Mesopotamia Egypt continued

  5. Egypt and Nubia encouraged the development of social distinctions and hierarchies. • Egyptians recognized the pharaoh as a supreme central ruler and had little room for a noble class. Instead, Egypt relied on a professional military force and a bureaucracy of administrators that rose in ranks through merit. Formation of complex societies

  6. Beyond the top level of hierarchy, the middle strata included those that had skills (scribes, artisans). At the lowest level were farmers and slaves. • Social mobility was possible if young men were fortunate enough to learn a skill or to write/read (bureaucracy) Formation of complex societies continued

  7. Patriarchal • Men dominated society, but women could own property and in some rare cases take positions of leadership • Queen Hatshepsut Formation of complex societies continued

  8. Egyptians learned to use bronze technology only after their defeat to the Hyksos. • Regional trade networks developed between Egypt and Nubia on the Nile and with Egypt and Punt (Ethiopia) via the Red Sea Cultural interaction

  9. Hieroglyphic writing appeared in Egypt by 3200 BCE, possibly as a result of Mesopotamian influence • Early writing was pictographic, but would later supplement it with symbols that represented sounds and ideas. • Initially used for business and administrative purposes, but later used for religious inscriptions, stories, poetry, and mathematics. Cultural interaction continued

  10. Polytheistic, the primary gods were Amunand Ra • Anubis, Horus, Osiris, Isis, Set, etc. religion

  11. Mummification – preparation for the afterlife • Originally only the pharaoh and close relatives were mummified, but over time royal officials and the wealthy were included. Religion continued

  12. Cult of Osiris – God of the Underworld Religion continued

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