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Explore the basics of chemistry including matter, energy, atomic structure, chemical bonds, and chemical reactions. Learn about elements, isotopes, and the role of acids, bases, and buffers. Understand the properties of water, salts, and the pH scale. Discover the different types of chemical reactions and factors affecting reaction rates. Enhance your knowledge of inorganic molecules like water as a solvent and temperature stabilizer. Dive into the world of chemistry with this comprehensive introduction.
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CHEMISTRY I. Introduction A. Definitions 1. Chemistry 2. Matter
c. Forms Chemical Electrical Mechanical Radiant
II. Atomic Chemistry A. Particles
Isotope = atom with moreneutrons Radioisotopesneutrons measurably decay giving off radiation (alpha and beta particles, plus gamma rays) DecayRate = half life
Electronegativity=> degree of attraction for electrons Valence => number of electrons in the outermost shell Figure 2.5
III. Molecular Chemistry A. Definition B. Chemical Bonds 1. Definition 2. Types a. Electron Sharing
i. Ionic bondsgivingand taking of electrons Figure 2.6a Figure 2.6b
ii. Polar Covalent bondsunequal sharing Figure 2.6
Hydrogen bonds sharinga hydrogen atom between molecules Figure 2.10a
IV. Chemical Reactions A. Definition B. Types 1. Synthesis, Dehydration, or Anabolic 2. Decomposition, Hydrolytic, or Catabolic 3. Exchange
A(OH) + B(H) AB + H2O CD + H2O C(OH) + D(H) AB + CD AC + BD
V. Inorganic Molecules A. Water 1. Properties
Polar Figure 2.7
H-Bonding Potential Figure 2.8
Solvent Figure 2.12
B. Salt (Electrolytes) 1. Properties
C. Acids, Bases, pH, & Buffers 1. Definitions & Uses
An acid increases the hydrogen ion concentration H2CO3 HCO3- + H+ (Carbonic) H2SO4 H+ + H+ + SO4 2- (Sulfuric) HCl H+ + Cl- (Hydrochloric)
A base decreases the hydrogen ion concentration HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O (Sodium Hydroxide)